This text is not intended as a tutorial to help in learning the Korean alphabet. Instead, it is written for web designers and other people who need a superficial knowledge how to encode Korean characters in an HTML document. Basic knowledge of Unicode character representation and HTML character references is necessary to understand this text. If you don't know about Unicode, Character Sets, Encodings and I18n, please read some tutorial, e.g., Character Set Issues by A.J. Flavell.
The Hangul are composed of letters (jamo, 자모) in a rather systematic way. The Jamo represent sounds similar to the way how Latin letters represent sounds. Although there are 11172 different Hangul, their individual appearances need not to be memorized; rather, one has to learn the 68 different Jamo shapes and the rules governing the construction of Hangul from Jamo. Moreover, even the Jamo shapes are not arbitrary: For example, the Jamo ᄊ (SS) looks like a duplicated ᄉ (S), and the Jamo ᆬ (NJ) is a juxtaposition of ᆫ (N) and ᆽ (J). Some Jamo shapes are mnemonic, e.g., ᆷ (M) which symbolizes a closed mouth articulating the sound /m/.
There are 19 different lead consonants, including the mute consonant. The following table gives these consonants in their canonical order and their Unicode values. Consonant number 12 is the mute consonant.
The vowels number 21 in Korean. Note that some of these vowels would be classified as diphthongs in other languages; also, some vowels contain an Y as part of the vowel.
The total number of tail consonants is 27; some of them are very rarely used in modern Korean. Most of the tail consonants can also appear as leads; the Jamo for these consonant pairs look very similar. Tail consonant 21 ᆼ (NG) corresponds to the mute lead consonant ᄋ (12).
|
|
|
Therefore, a Korean text can be seen as a sequence of Hangul, each of which represents one spoken syllable. In this view, Korean script would be seen as a syllabary comparable to Ethiopic, and to lesser degree, Japanese (kana) scripts. On the other hand, one could understand Korean writing without reference to Hangul at all; according to this perspective, Korean writing is as alphabetical as the Latin script, but uses complicated typographic rules to determine the placement of any Jamo relative to its predecessor and successor.
Instead, Korean is usualy coded in terms of Hangul characters that do not explicitly reference the underlying Jamo characters. Isolated Jamo are rarely found in Korean texts. The Unicode Standard assigns an individual code point to each Hangul. To calculate the code point of a Hangul from its Jamo components, the following formula may be used:
Code point of Hangul = tail + (vowel−1)*28 + (lead−1)*588 + 44032
In this formula, lead, vowel and tail refer to the small integer numbers given in the above tables (if there is no tail consonant, use the value 0). The Hangul syllabary occupies the Unicode range from AC00 (decimal 44032) to D7A3 (decimal 55171).
In the other direction, the phonetic value of a Hangul can be calculated from its code point. It is convenient to use the modulo function mod(a,b), which yields the remainder of the quotient a/b, and the integer function int(a) which yields the integer part of a.
tail = mod (Hangul codepoint − 44032, 28)
vowel = 1 + mod (Hangul codepoint − 44032 − tail, 588) / 28
lead = 1 + int [ (Hangul codepoint − 44032)/588 ]
To illustrate the formulae, let us consider the writing of the words jamo and hangul in Hangul. The Hangul neccessary are called JA, MO, HAN and GEUL in Unicode.
| JA | MO | HAN | GEUL | |
| lead consonant | J (13) | M (7) | H (19) | G (1) |
| vowel | A (1) | O (9) | A (1) | EU (19) |
| tail consonant | – (0) | – (0) | N (4) | L (8) |
| Hangul code point (dec) | 51088 | 47784 | 54620 | 44544 |
| Hangul code point (hex) | C790 | BAA8 | D55C | AE00 |
| Hangul character | 자 | 모 | 한 | 글 |
As an inverse problem, we now analyse the two Korean words 서울 and 평양:
| Hangul | 서 | 울 | 평 | 양 |
| Hangul code point (hex) | C11C | C6B8 | D3C9 | C591 |
| Hangul code point (dec) | 49436 | 50872 | 54217 | 50577 |
| Code point − 44032 | 5404 | 6840 | 10185 | 6545 |
| tail consonant | – (0) | L (8) | NG (21) | NG (21) |
| vowel | EO (5) | U (14) | YEO (7) | YA (3) |
| lead consonant | S (10) | – (12) | P (18) | – (12) |
| Hangul | SEO | UL | PYEONG | YANG |
So the the two words actually stand for the capitals of South and North Korea, respectively. These are usually rendered in Latin script as Seoul and Pyeongyang, although other romanizations are possible (e.g., Sŏul and P'yŏngyang or Pyongyang).
romanized), the question arises whether the spoken or the written language should be followed in devising a romanization scheme. Both appoaches have their merits, and both are actually used.
The Unicode names of Jamo and Hangul closely follow the Revised Romanization of Korean, which has official status in Korea. The revised system basically maps each Jamo to one letter (or a polygraph) of the Latin alphabet, thus creating a faithful representation of written Korean in Latin script. It does not, however, represent the actual pronunciation very well.
Outside of Korea, the older McCune-Reischauer System continues to be popular. It takes into account certain assimilation phenomena that occur on syllable boundaries, and thus comes closer to the actual pronunciation of Korean. On the other hand, McCune-Reischauer romanizations cannot be constructed trivially from sequences of Jamo. The remainder of this section will describe the procedure briefly.
The vowels are transliterated in a rather straightforward way. As special characters, u and o with the breve accent (ŭ, ŏ) are used to denote short reduced vowels. The diacritics are often omitted when publishing on the web.
| Vowel name | A | AE | YA | YAE | EO | E | YEO | YE | O | WA | WAE | OE | YO | U | WEO | WE | WI | YU | EU | YI | I |
| Korean | ᅡ | ᅢ | ᅣ | ᅤ | ᅥ | ᅦ | ᅧ | ᅨ | ᅩ | ᅪ | ᅫ | ᅬ | ᅭ | ᅮ | ᅯ | ᅰ | ᅱ | ᅲ | ᅳ | ᅴ | ᅵ |
| McCune-Reischauer | a | ae | ya | yae | ŏ | e | yŏ | ye | o | wa | wae | oe | yo | u | wŏ | we | wi | yu | ŭ | ŭi | i |
The romanization of consonants is significantly more involved. The complication arises from the fact the tail of any syllable may be assimilated to the lead of the following syllable. Therefore, there are no separate pronunciations of the tail and the lead of consecutive syllables, but both of them are to be pronounced as one single unit. The McCune-Reischauer romanization acknowledges this fact by also romanizing them as a unit. The following table gives the transliteration of tail/lead combinations involving the most common Jamo.
| lead= | ᄋ – | ᄀ G | ᄂ N | ᄃ D | ᄅ R | ᄆ M | ᄇ B | ᄉ S | ᄌ J | ᄎ C | ᄏ K | ᄐ T | ᄑ P | ᄒ H | word- final |
| tail= ᆨ G | G | KK | NGN | KT | NGN | NGM | KP | KS | KCH | KCH' | KK' | KT' | KP' | KH | K |
| ᆫ N | N | N'G' | NN | ND | LL | NM | NB | NS | NJ | NCH' | NK' | NT' | NP' | NH | N |
| ᆯ L | R | LG | LL | LT | LL | LM | LB | LS | LCH | LCH' | LK' | LT' | LP' | RH | L |
| ᆷ M | M | MG | MN | MD | MN | MM | MB | MS | MJ | MCH' | MK' | MT' | MP' | MH | M |
| ᆸ B | B | PK | MN | PT | MN | MM | PP | PS | PCH | PCH' | PK' | PT' | PP' | PH | P |
| ᆼ NG | NG | NGG | NGN | NGD | NGN | NGM | NGB | NGS | NGJ | NGCH' | NGK' | NGT' | NGP' | NGH | NG |
| any vowel | G | N | D | R | M | B | S | J | CH' | K' | T' | P' | H | ||
| initial | K | N | T | R | M | P | S | CH | CH' | K' | T' | P' | H |
The apostrophe is used to disambiguate N'G' (sequence of Jamo N + Jamo G) from NG (Jamo NG) and to mark aspirated plosives. This sign is often omitted from documents published on the web.
To illustrate the use of that table, we will romanize the National
Motto of South Korea 널리 인간을 이롭게 하라 Bring benefit to all people
using the McCune-Reischauer System.
| Hangul | 널 | 리 | 인 | 간 | 을 | 이 | 롭 | 게 | 하 | 라 | |||
| Hangul Name | NEOL | RI | IN | GAN | EUL | I | ROB | GE | HA | RA | |||
| Romanization | nŏlli | in'g'anŭl | iropke | hara | |||||||||
| T= | ᆧ () | ᆨ (g) | ᆩ (gg) | ᆪ (gs) | ᆫ (n) | ᆬ (nj) | ᆭ (nh) | ᆮ (d) | ᆯ (l) | ᆰ (lg) | ᆱ (lm) | ᆲ (lb) | ᆳ (ls) | ᆴ (lt) | ᆵ (lp) | ᆶ (lh) | ᆷ (m) | ᆸ (b) | ᆹ (bs) | ᆺ (s) | ᆻ (ss) | ᆼ (ng) | ᆽ (j) | ᆾ (cc) | ᆿ (k) | ᇀ (t) | ᇁ (p) | ᇂ (h) | |
| L | V | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ᄀ (g) | ᅡ (a) | 가 ga | 각 gag | 갂 gagg | 갃 gags | 간 gan | 갅 ganj | 갆 ganh | 갇 gad | 갈 gal | 갉 galg | 갊 galm | 갋 galb | 갌 gals | 갍 galt | 갎 galp | 갏 galh | 감 gam | 갑 gab | 값 gabs | 갓 gas | 갔 gass | 강 gang | 갖 gaj | 갗 gacc | 갘 gak | 같 gat | 갚 gap | 갛 gah |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅢ (ae) | 개 gae | 객 gaeg | 갞 gaegg | 갟 gaegs | 갠 gaen | 갡 gaenj | 갢 gaenh | 갣 gaed | 갤 gael | 갥 gaelg | 갦 gaelm | 갧 gaelb | 갨 gaels | 갩 gaelt | 갪 gaelp | 갫 gaelh | 갬 gaem | 갭 gaeb | 갮 gaebs | 갯 gaes | 갰 gaess | 갱 gaeng | 갲 gaej | 갳 gaecc | 갴 gaek | 갵 gaet | 갶 gaep | 갷 gaeh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅣ (ya) | 갸 gya | 갹 gyag | 갺 gyagg | 갻 gyags | 갼 gyan | 갽 gyanj | 갾 gyanh | 갿 gyad | 걀 gyal | 걁 gyalg | 걂 gyalm | 걃 gyalb | 걄 gyals | 걅 gyalt | 걆 gyalp | 걇 gyalh | 걈 gyam | 걉 gyab | 걊 gyabs | 걋 gyas | 걌 gyass | 걍 gyang | 걎 gyaj | 걏 gyacc | 걐 gyak | 걑 gyat | 걒 gyap | 걓 gyah |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅤ (yae) | 걔 gyae | 걕 gyaeg | 걖 gyaegg | 걗 gyaegs | 걘 gyaen | 걙 gyaenj | 걚 gyaenh | 걛 gyaed | 걜 gyael | 걝 gyaelg | 걞 gyaelm | 걟 gyaelb | 걠 gyaels | 걡 gyaelt | 걢 gyaelp | 걣 gyaelh | 걤 gyaem | 걥 gyaeb | 걦 gyaebs | 걧 gyaes | 걨 gyaess | 걩 gyaeng | 걪 gyaej | 걫 gyaecc | 걬 gyaek | 걭 gyaet | 걮 gyaep | 걯 gyaeh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅥ (eo) | 거 geo | 걱 geog | 걲 geogg | 걳 geogs | 건 geon | 걵 geonj | 걶 geonh | 걷 geod | 걸 geol | 걹 geolg | 걺 geolm | 걻 geolb | 걼 geols | 걽 geolt | 걾 geolp | 걿 geolh | 검 geom | 겁 geob | 겂 geobs | 것 geos | 겄 geoss | 겅 geong | 겆 geoj | 겇 geocc | 겈 geok | 겉 geot | 겊 geop | 겋 geoh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅦ (e) | 게 ge | 겍 geg | 겎 gegg | 겏 gegs | 겐 gen | 겑 genj | 겒 genh | 겓 ged | 겔 gel | 겕 gelg | 겖 gelm | 겗 gelb | 겘 gels | 겙 gelt | 겚 gelp | 겛 gelh | 겜 gem | 겝 geb | 겞 gebs | 겟 ges | 겠 gess | 겡 geng | 겢 gej | 겣 gecc | 겤 gek | 겥 get | 겦 gep | 겧 geh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅧ (yeo) | 겨 gyeo | 격 gyeog | 겪 gyeogg | 겫 gyeogs | 견 gyeon | 겭 gyeonj | 겮 gyeonh | 겯 gyeod | 결 gyeol | 겱 gyeolg | 겲 gyeolm | 겳 gyeolb | 겴 gyeols | 겵 gyeolt | 겶 gyeolp | 겷 gyeolh | 겸 gyeom | 겹 gyeob | 겺 gyeobs | 겻 gyeos | 겼 gyeoss | 경 gyeong | 겾 gyeoj | 겿 gyeocc | 곀 gyeok | 곁 gyeot | 곂 gyeop | 곃 gyeoh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅨ (ye) | 계 gye | 곅 gyeg | 곆 gyegg | 곇 gyegs | 곈 gyen | 곉 gyenj | 곊 gyenh | 곋 gyed | 곌 gyel | 곍 gyelg | 곎 gyelm | 곏 gyelb | 곐 gyels | 곑 gyelt | 곒 gyelp | 곓 gyelh | 곔 gyem | 곕 gyeb | 곖 gyebs | 곗 gyes | 곘 gyess | 곙 gyeng | 곚 gyej | 곛 gyecc | 곜 gyek | 곝 gyet | 곞 gyep | 곟 gyeh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅩ (o) | 고 go | 곡 gog | 곢 gogg | 곣 gogs | 곤 gon | 곥 gonj | 곦 gonh | 곧 god | 골 gol | 곩 golg | 곪 golm | 곫 golb | 곬 gols | 곭 golt | 곮 golp | 곯 golh | 곰 gom | 곱 gob | 곲 gobs | 곳 gos | 곴 goss | 공 gong | 곶 goj | 곷 gocc | 곸 gok | 곹 got | 곺 gop | 곻 goh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅪ (wa) | 과 gwa | 곽 gwag | 곾 gwagg | 곿 gwags | 관 gwan | 괁 gwanj | 괂 gwanh | 괃 gwad | 괄 gwal | 괅 gwalg | 괆 gwalm | 괇 gwalb | 괈 gwals | 괉 gwalt | 괊 gwalp | 괋 gwalh | 괌 gwam | 괍 gwab | 괎 gwabs | 괏 gwas | 괐 gwass | 광 gwang | 괒 gwaj | 괓 gwacc | 괔 gwak | 괕 gwat | 괖 gwap | 괗 gwah |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅫ (wae) | 괘 gwae | 괙 gwaeg | 괚 gwaegg | 괛 gwaegs | 괜 gwaen | 괝 gwaenj | 괞 gwaenh | 괟 gwaed | 괠 gwael | 괡 gwaelg | 괢 gwaelm | 괣 gwaelb | 괤 gwaels | 괥 gwaelt | 괦 gwaelp | 괧 gwaelh | 괨 gwaem | 괩 gwaeb | 괪 gwaebs | 괫 gwaes | 괬 gwaess | 괭 gwaeng | 괮 gwaej | 괯 gwaecc | 괰 gwaek | 괱 gwaet | 괲 gwaep | 괳 gwaeh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅬ (oe) | 괴 goe | 괵 goeg | 괶 goegg | 괷 goegs | 괸 goen | 괹 goenj | 괺 goenh | 괻 goed | 괼 goel | 괽 goelg | 괾 goelm | 괿 goelb | 굀 goels | 굁 goelt | 굂 goelp | 굃 goelh | 굄 goem | 굅 goeb | 굆 goebs | 굇 goes | 굈 goess | 굉 goeng | 굊 goej | 굋 goecc | 굌 goek | 굍 goet | 굎 goep | 굏 goeh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅭ (yo) | 교 gyo | 굑 gyog | 굒 gyogg | 굓 gyogs | 굔 gyon | 굕 gyonj | 굖 gyonh | 굗 gyod | 굘 gyol | 굙 gyolg | 굚 gyolm | 굛 gyolb | 굜 gyols | 굝 gyolt | 굞 gyolp | 굟 gyolh | 굠 gyom | 굡 gyob | 굢 gyobs | 굣 gyos | 굤 gyoss | 굥 gyong | 굦 gyoj | 굧 gyocc | 굨 gyok | 굩 gyot | 굪 gyop | 굫 gyoh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅮ (u) | 구 gu | 국 gug | 굮 gugg | 굯 gugs | 군 gun | 굱 gunj | 굲 gunh | 굳 gud | 굴 gul | 굵 gulg | 굶 gulm | 굷 gulb | 굸 guls | 굹 gult | 굺 gulp | 굻 gulh | 굼 gum | 굽 gub | 굾 gubs | 굿 gus | 궀 guss | 궁 gung | 궂 guj | 궃 gucc | 궄 guk | 궅 gut | 궆 gup | 궇 guh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅯ (weo) | 궈 gweo | 궉 gweog | 궊 gweogg | 궋 gweogs | 권 gweon | 궍 gweonj | 궎 gweonh | 궏 gweod | 궐 gweol | 궑 gweolg | 궒 gweolm | 궓 gweolb | 궔 gweols | 궕 gweolt | 궖 gweolp | 궗 gweolh | 궘 gweom | 궙 gweob | 궚 gweobs | 궛 gweos | 궜 gweoss | 궝 gweong | 궞 gweoj | 궟 gweocc | 궠 gweok | 궡 gweot | 궢 gweop | 궣 gweoh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅰ (we) | 궤 gwe | 궥 gweg | 궦 gwegg | 궧 gwegs | 궨 gwen | 궩 gwenj | 궪 gwenh | 궫 gwed | 궬 gwel | 궭 gwelg | 궮 gwelm | 궯 gwelb | 궰 gwels | 궱 gwelt | 궲 gwelp | 궳 gwelh | 궴 gwem | 궵 gweb | 궶 gwebs | 궷 gwes | 궸 gwess | 궹 gweng | 궺 gwej | 궻 gwecc | 궼 gwek | 궽 gwet | 궾 gwep | 궿 gweh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅱ (wi) | 귀 gwi | 귁 gwig | 귂 gwigg | 귃 gwigs | 귄 gwin | 귅 gwinj | 귆 gwinh | 귇 gwid | 귈 gwil | 귉 gwilg | 귊 gwilm | 귋 gwilb | 귌 gwils | 귍 gwilt | 귎 gwilp | 귏 gwilh | 귐 gwim | 귑 gwib | 귒 gwibs | 귓 gwis | 귔 gwiss | 귕 gwing | 귖 gwij | 귗 gwicc | 귘 gwik | 귙 gwit | 귚 gwip | 귛 gwih |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅲ (yu) | 규 gyu | 귝 gyug | 귞 gyugg | 귟 gyugs | 균 gyun | 귡 gyunj | 귢 gyunh | 귣 gyud | 귤 gyul | 귥 gyulg | 귦 gyulm | 귧 gyulb | 귨 gyuls | 귩 gyult | 귪 gyulp | 귫 gyulh | 귬 gyum | 귭 gyub | 귮 gyubs | 귯 gyus | 귰 gyuss | 귱 gyung | 귲 gyuj | 귳 gyucc | 귴 gyuk | 귵 gyut | 귶 gyup | 귷 gyuh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅳ (eu) | 그 geu | 극 geug | 귺 geugg | 귻 geugs | 근 geun | 귽 geunj | 귾 geunh | 귿 geud | 글 geul | 긁 geulg | 긂 geulm | 긃 geulb | 긄 geuls | 긅 geult | 긆 geulp | 긇 geulh | 금 geum | 급 geub | 긊 geubs | 긋 geus | 긌 geuss | 긍 geung | 긎 geuj | 긏 geucc | 긐 geuk | 긑 geut | 긒 geup | 긓 geuh |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅴ (yi) | 긔 gyi | 긕 gyig | 긖 gyigg | 긗 gyigs | 긘 gyin | 긙 gyinj | 긚 gyinh | 긛 gyid | 긜 gyil | 긝 gyilg | 긞 gyilm | 긟 gyilb | 긠 gyils | 긡 gyilt | 긢 gyilp | 긣 gyilh | 긤 gyim | 긥 gyib | 긦 gyibs | 긧 gyis | 긨 gyiss | 긩 gying | 긪 gyij | 긫 gyicc | 긬 gyik | 긭 gyit | 긮 gyip | 긯 gyih |
| ᄀ (g) | ᅵ (i) | 기 gi | 긱 gig | 긲 gigg | 긳 gigs | 긴 gin | 긵 ginj | 긶 ginh | 긷 gid | 길 gil | 긹 gilg | 긺 gilm | 긻 gilb | 긼 gils | 긽 gilt | 긾 gilp | 긿 gilh | 김 gim | 깁 gib | 깂 gibs | 깃 gis | 깄 giss | 깅 ging | 깆 gij | 깇 gicc | 깈 gik | 깉 git | 깊 gip | 깋 gih |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅡ (a) | 까 gga | 깍 ggag | 깎 ggagg | 깏 ggags | 깐 ggan | 깑 gganj | 깒 gganh | 깓 ggad | 깔 ggal | 깕 ggalg | 깖 ggalm | 깗 ggalb | 깘 ggals | 깙 ggalt | 깚 ggalp | 깛 ggalh | 깜 ggam | 깝 ggab | 깞 ggabs | 깟 ggas | 깠 ggass | 깡 ggang | 깢 ggaj | 깣 ggacc | 깤 ggak | 깥 ggat | 깦 ggap | 깧 ggah |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅢ (ae) | 깨 ggae | 깩 ggaeg | 깪 ggaegg | 깫 ggaegs | 깬 ggaen | 깭 ggaenj | 깮 ggaenh | 깯 ggaed | 깰 ggael | 깱 ggaelg | 깲 ggaelm | 깳 ggaelb | 깴 ggaels | 깵 ggaelt | 깶 ggaelp | 깷 ggaelh | 깸 ggaem | 깹 ggaeb | 깺 ggaebs | 깻 ggaes | 깼 ggaess | 깽 ggaeng | 깾 ggaej | 깿 ggaecc | 꺀 ggaek | 꺁 ggaet | 꺂 ggaep | 꺃 ggaeh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅣ (ya) | 꺄 ggya | 꺅 ggyag | 꺆 ggyagg | 꺇 ggyags | 꺈 ggyan | 꺉 ggyanj | 꺊 ggyanh | 꺋 ggyad | 꺌 ggyal | 꺍 ggyalg | 꺎 ggyalm | 꺏 ggyalb | 꺐 ggyals | 꺑 ggyalt | 꺒 ggyalp | 꺓 ggyalh | 꺔 ggyam | 꺕 ggyab | 꺖 ggyabs | 꺗 ggyas | 꺘 ggyass | 꺙 ggyang | 꺚 ggyaj | 꺛 ggyacc | 꺜 ggyak | 꺝 ggyat | 꺞 ggyap | 꺟 ggyah |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅤ (yae) | 꺠 ggyae | 꺡 ggyaeg | 꺢 ggyaegg | 꺣 ggyaegs | 꺤 ggyaen | 꺥 ggyaenj | 꺦 ggyaenh | 꺧 ggyaed | 꺨 ggyael | 꺩 ggyaelg | 꺪 ggyaelm | 꺫 ggyaelb | 꺬 ggyaels | 꺭 ggyaelt | 꺮 ggyaelp | 꺯 ggyaelh | 꺰 ggyaem | 꺱 ggyaeb | 꺲 ggyaebs | 꺳 ggyaes | 꺴 ggyaess | 꺵 ggyaeng | 꺶 ggyaej | 꺷 ggyaecc | 꺸 ggyaek | 꺹 ggyaet | 꺺 ggyaep | 꺻 ggyaeh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅥ (eo) | 꺼 ggeo | 꺽 ggeog | 꺾 ggeogg | 꺿 ggeogs | 껀 ggeon | 껁 ggeonj | 껂 ggeonh | 껃 ggeod | 껄 ggeol | 껅 ggeolg | 껆 ggeolm | 껇 ggeolb | 껈 ggeols | 껉 ggeolt | 껊 ggeolp | 껋 ggeolh | 껌 ggeom | 껍 ggeob | 껎 ggeobs | 껏 ggeos | 껐 ggeoss | 껑 ggeong | 껒 ggeoj | 껓 ggeocc | 껔 ggeok | 껕 ggeot | 껖 ggeop | 껗 ggeoh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅦ (e) | 께 gge | 껙 ggeg | 껚 ggegg | 껛 ggegs | 껜 ggen | 껝 ggenj | 껞 ggenh | 껟 gged | 껠 ggel | 껡 ggelg | 껢 ggelm | 껣 ggelb | 껤 ggels | 껥 ggelt | 껦 ggelp | 껧 ggelh | 껨 ggem | 껩 ggeb | 껪 ggebs | 껫 gges | 껬 ggess | 껭 ggeng | 껮 ggej | 껯 ggecc | 껰 ggek | 껱 gget | 껲 ggep | 껳 ggeh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅧ (yeo) | 껴 ggyeo | 껵 ggyeog | 껶 ggyeogg | 껷 ggyeogs | 껸 ggyeon | 껹 ggyeonj | 껺 ggyeonh | 껻 ggyeod | 껼 ggyeol | 껽 ggyeolg | 껾 ggyeolm | 껿 ggyeolb | 꼀 ggyeols | 꼁 ggyeolt | 꼂 ggyeolp | 꼃 ggyeolh | 꼄 ggyeom | 꼅 ggyeob | 꼆 ggyeobs | 꼇 ggyeos | 꼈 ggyeoss | 꼉 ggyeong | 꼊 ggyeoj | 꼋 ggyeocc | 꼌 ggyeok | 꼍 ggyeot | 꼎 ggyeop | 꼏 ggyeoh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅨ (ye) | 꼐 ggye | 꼑 ggyeg | 꼒 ggyegg | 꼓 ggyegs | 꼔 ggyen | 꼕 ggyenj | 꼖 ggyenh | 꼗 ggyed | 꼘 ggyel | 꼙 ggyelg | 꼚 ggyelm | 꼛 ggyelb | 꼜 ggyels | 꼝 ggyelt | 꼞 ggyelp | 꼟 ggyelh | 꼠 ggyem | 꼡 ggyeb | 꼢 ggyebs | 꼣 ggyes | 꼤 ggyess | 꼥 ggyeng | 꼦 ggyej | 꼧 ggyecc | 꼨 ggyek | 꼩 ggyet | 꼪 ggyep | 꼫 ggyeh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅩ (o) | 꼬 ggo | 꼭 ggog | 꼮 ggogg | 꼯 ggogs | 꼰 ggon | 꼱 ggonj | 꼲 ggonh | 꼳 ggod | 꼴 ggol | 꼵 ggolg | 꼶 ggolm | 꼷 ggolb | 꼸 ggols | 꼹 ggolt | 꼺 ggolp | 꼻 ggolh | 꼼 ggom | 꼽 ggob | 꼾 ggobs | 꼿 ggos | 꽀 ggoss | 꽁 ggong | 꽂 ggoj | 꽃 ggocc | 꽄 ggok | 꽅 ggot | 꽆 ggop | 꽇 ggoh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅪ (wa) | 꽈 ggwa | 꽉 ggwag | 꽊 ggwagg | 꽋 ggwags | 꽌 ggwan | 꽍 ggwanj | 꽎 ggwanh | 꽏 ggwad | 꽐 ggwal | 꽑 ggwalg | 꽒 ggwalm | 꽓 ggwalb | 꽔 ggwals | 꽕 ggwalt | 꽖 ggwalp | 꽗 ggwalh | 꽘 ggwam | 꽙 ggwab | 꽚 ggwabs | 꽛 ggwas | 꽜 ggwass | 꽝 ggwang | 꽞 ggwaj | 꽟 ggwacc | 꽠 ggwak | 꽡 ggwat | 꽢 ggwap | 꽣 ggwah |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅫ (wae) | 꽤 ggwae | 꽥 ggwaeg | 꽦 ggwaegg | 꽧 ggwaegs | 꽨 ggwaen | 꽩 ggwaenj | 꽪 ggwaenh | 꽫 ggwaed | 꽬 ggwael | 꽭 ggwaelg | 꽮 ggwaelm | 꽯 ggwaelb | 꽰 ggwaels | 꽱 ggwaelt | 꽲 ggwaelp | 꽳 ggwaelh | 꽴 ggwaem | 꽵 ggwaeb | 꽶 ggwaebs | 꽷 ggwaes | 꽸 ggwaess | 꽹 ggwaeng | 꽺 ggwaej | 꽻 ggwaecc | 꽼 ggwaek | 꽽 ggwaet | 꽾 ggwaep | 꽿 ggwaeh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅬ (oe) | 꾀 ggoe | 꾁 ggoeg | 꾂 ggoegg | 꾃 ggoegs | 꾄 ggoen | 꾅 ggoenj | 꾆 ggoenh | 꾇 ggoed | 꾈 ggoel | 꾉 ggoelg | 꾊 ggoelm | 꾋 ggoelb | 꾌 ggoels | 꾍 ggoelt | 꾎 ggoelp | 꾏 ggoelh | 꾐 ggoem | 꾑 ggoeb | 꾒 ggoebs | 꾓 ggoes | 꾔 ggoess | 꾕 ggoeng | 꾖 ggoej | 꾗 ggoecc | 꾘 ggoek | 꾙 ggoet | 꾚 ggoep | 꾛 ggoeh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅭ (yo) | 꾜 ggyo | 꾝 ggyog | 꾞 ggyogg | 꾟 ggyogs | 꾠 ggyon | 꾡 ggyonj | 꾢 ggyonh | 꾣 ggyod | 꾤 ggyol | 꾥 ggyolg | 꾦 ggyolm | 꾧 ggyolb | 꾨 ggyols | 꾩 ggyolt | 꾪 ggyolp | 꾫 ggyolh | 꾬 ggyom | 꾭 ggyob | 꾮 ggyobs | 꾯 ggyos | 꾰 ggyoss | 꾱 ggyong | 꾲 ggyoj | 꾳 ggyocc | 꾴 ggyok | 꾵 ggyot | 꾶 ggyop | 꾷 ggyoh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅮ (u) | 꾸 ggu | 꾹 ggug | 꾺 ggugg | 꾻 ggugs | 꾼 ggun | 꾽 ggunj | 꾾 ggunh | 꾿 ggud | 꿀 ggul | 꿁 ggulg | 꿂 ggulm | 꿃 ggulb | 꿄 gguls | 꿅 ggult | 꿆 ggulp | 꿇 ggulh | 꿈 ggum | 꿉 ggub | 꿊 ggubs | 꿋 ggus | 꿌 gguss | 꿍 ggung | 꿎 gguj | 꿏 ggucc | 꿐 gguk | 꿑 ggut | 꿒 ggup | 꿓 gguh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅯ (weo) | 꿔 ggweo | 꿕 ggweog | 꿖 ggweogg | 꿗 ggweogs | 꿘 ggweon | 꿙 ggweonj | 꿚 ggweonh | 꿛 ggweod | 꿜 ggweol | 꿝 ggweolg | 꿞 ggweolm | 꿟 ggweolb | 꿠 ggweols | 꿡 ggweolt | 꿢 ggweolp | 꿣 ggweolh | 꿤 ggweom | 꿥 ggweob | 꿦 ggweobs | 꿧 ggweos | 꿨 ggweoss | 꿩 ggweong | 꿪 ggweoj | 꿫 ggweocc | 꿬 ggweok | 꿭 ggweot | 꿮 ggweop | 꿯 ggweoh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅰ (we) | 꿰 ggwe | 꿱 ggweg | 꿲 ggwegg | 꿳 ggwegs | 꿴 ggwen | 꿵 ggwenj | 꿶 ggwenh | 꿷 ggwed | 꿸 ggwel | 꿹 ggwelg | 꿺 ggwelm | 꿻 ggwelb | 꿼 ggwels | 꿽 ggwelt | 꿾 ggwelp | 꿿 ggwelh | 뀀 ggwem | 뀁 ggweb | 뀂 ggwebs | 뀃 ggwes | 뀄 ggwess | 뀅 ggweng | 뀆 ggwej | 뀇 ggwecc | 뀈 ggwek | 뀉 ggwet | 뀊 ggwep | 뀋 ggweh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅱ (wi) | 뀌 ggwi | 뀍 ggwig | 뀎 ggwigg | 뀏 ggwigs | 뀐 ggwin | 뀑 ggwinj | 뀒 ggwinh | 뀓 ggwid | 뀔 ggwil | 뀕 ggwilg | 뀖 ggwilm | 뀗 ggwilb | 뀘 ggwils | 뀙 ggwilt | 뀚 ggwilp | 뀛 ggwilh | 뀜 ggwim | 뀝 ggwib | 뀞 ggwibs | 뀟 ggwis | 뀠 ggwiss | 뀡 ggwing | 뀢 ggwij | 뀣 ggwicc | 뀤 ggwik | 뀥 ggwit | 뀦 ggwip | 뀧 ggwih |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅲ (yu) | 뀨 ggyu | 뀩 ggyug | 뀪 ggyugg | 뀫 ggyugs | 뀬 ggyun | 뀭 ggyunj | 뀮 ggyunh | 뀯 ggyud | 뀰 ggyul | 뀱 ggyulg | 뀲 ggyulm | 뀳 ggyulb | 뀴 ggyuls | 뀵 ggyult | 뀶 ggyulp | 뀷 ggyulh | 뀸 ggyum | 뀹 ggyub | 뀺 ggyubs | 뀻 ggyus | 뀼 ggyuss | 뀽 ggyung | 뀾 ggyuj | 뀿 ggyucc | 끀 ggyuk | 끁 ggyut | 끂 ggyup | 끃 ggyuh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅳ (eu) | 끄 ggeu | 끅 ggeug | 끆 ggeugg | 끇 ggeugs | 끈 ggeun | 끉 ggeunj | 끊 ggeunh | 끋 ggeud | 끌 ggeul | 끍 ggeulg | 끎 ggeulm | 끏 ggeulb | 끐 ggeuls | 끑 ggeult | 끒 ggeulp | 끓 ggeulh | 끔 ggeum | 끕 ggeub | 끖 ggeubs | 끗 ggeus | 끘 ggeuss | 끙 ggeung | 끚 ggeuj | 끛 ggeucc | 끜 ggeuk | 끝 ggeut | 끞 ggeup | 끟 ggeuh |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅴ (yi) | 끠 ggyi | 끡 ggyig | 끢 ggyigg | 끣 ggyigs | 끤 ggyin | 끥 ggyinj | 끦 ggyinh | 끧 ggyid | 끨 ggyil | 끩 ggyilg | 끪 ggyilm | 끫 ggyilb | 끬 ggyils | 끭 ggyilt | 끮 ggyilp | 끯 ggyilh | 끰 ggyim | 끱 ggyib | 끲 ggyibs | 끳 ggyis | 끴 ggyiss | 끵 ggying | 끶 ggyij | 끷 ggyicc | 끸 ggyik | 끹 ggyit | 끺 ggyip | 끻 ggyih |
| ᄁ (gg) | ᅵ (i) | 끼 ggi | 끽 ggig | 끾 ggigg | 끿 ggigs | 낀 ggin | 낁 gginj | 낂 gginh | 낃 ggid | 낄 ggil | 낅 ggilg | 낆 ggilm | 낇 ggilb | 낈 ggils | 낉 ggilt | 낊 ggilp | 낋 ggilh | 낌 ggim | 낍 ggib | 낎 ggibs | 낏 ggis | 낐 ggiss | 낑 gging | 낒 ggij | 낓 ggicc | 낔 ggik | 낕 ggit | 낖 ggip | 낗 ggih |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅡ (a) | 나 na | 낙 nag | 낚 nagg | 낛 nags | 난 nan | 낝 nanj | 낞 nanh | 낟 nad | 날 nal | 낡 nalg | 낢 nalm | 낣 nalb | 낤 nals | 낥 nalt | 낦 nalp | 낧 nalh | 남 nam | 납 nab | 낪 nabs | 낫 nas | 났 nass | 낭 nang | 낮 naj | 낯 nacc | 낰 nak | 낱 nat | 낲 nap | 낳 nah |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅢ (ae) | 내 nae | 낵 naeg | 낶 naegg | 낷 naegs | 낸 naen | 낹 naenj | 낺 naenh | 낻 naed | 낼 nael | 낽 naelg | 낾 naelm | 낿 naelb | 냀 naels | 냁 naelt | 냂 naelp | 냃 naelh | 냄 naem | 냅 naeb | 냆 naebs | 냇 naes | 냈 naess | 냉 naeng | 냊 naej | 냋 naecc | 냌 naek | 냍 naet | 냎 naep | 냏 naeh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅣ (ya) | 냐 nya | 냑 nyag | 냒 nyagg | 냓 nyags | 냔 nyan | 냕 nyanj | 냖 nyanh | 냗 nyad | 냘 nyal | 냙 nyalg | 냚 nyalm | 냛 nyalb | 냜 nyals | 냝 nyalt | 냞 nyalp | 냟 nyalh | 냠 nyam | 냡 nyab | 냢 nyabs | 냣 nyas | 냤 nyass | 냥 nyang | 냦 nyaj | 냧 nyacc | 냨 nyak | 냩 nyat | 냪 nyap | 냫 nyah |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅤ (yae) | 냬 nyae | 냭 nyaeg | 냮 nyaegg | 냯 nyaegs | 냰 nyaen | 냱 nyaenj | 냲 nyaenh | 냳 nyaed | 냴 nyael | 냵 nyaelg | 냶 nyaelm | 냷 nyaelb | 냸 nyaels | 냹 nyaelt | 냺 nyaelp | 냻 nyaelh | 냼 nyaem | 냽 nyaeb | 냾 nyaebs | 냿 nyaes | 넀 nyaess | 넁 nyaeng | 넂 nyaej | 넃 nyaecc | 넄 nyaek | 넅 nyaet | 넆 nyaep | 넇 nyaeh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅥ (eo) | 너 neo | 넉 neog | 넊 neogg | 넋 neogs | 넌 neon | 넍 neonj | 넎 neonh | 넏 neod | 널 neol | 넑 neolg | 넒 neolm | 넓 neolb | 넔 neols | 넕 neolt | 넖 neolp | 넗 neolh | 넘 neom | 넙 neob | 넚 neobs | 넛 neos | 넜 neoss | 넝 neong | 넞 neoj | 넟 neocc | 넠 neok | 넡 neot | 넢 neop | 넣 neoh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅦ (e) | 네 ne | 넥 neg | 넦 negg | 넧 negs | 넨 nen | 넩 nenj | 넪 nenh | 넫 ned | 넬 nel | 넭 nelg | 넮 nelm | 넯 nelb | 넰 nels | 넱 nelt | 넲 nelp | 넳 nelh | 넴 nem | 넵 neb | 넶 nebs | 넷 nes | 넸 ness | 넹 neng | 넺 nej | 넻 necc | 넼 nek | 넽 net | 넾 nep | 넿 neh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅧ (yeo) | 녀 nyeo | 녁 nyeog | 녂 nyeogg | 녃 nyeogs | 년 nyeon | 녅 nyeonj | 녆 nyeonh | 녇 nyeod | 녈 nyeol | 녉 nyeolg | 녊 nyeolm | 녋 nyeolb | 녌 nyeols | 녍 nyeolt | 녎 nyeolp | 녏 nyeolh | 념 nyeom | 녑 nyeob | 녒 nyeobs | 녓 nyeos | 녔 nyeoss | 녕 nyeong | 녖 nyeoj | 녗 nyeocc | 녘 nyeok | 녙 nyeot | 녚 nyeop | 녛 nyeoh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅨ (ye) | 녜 nye | 녝 nyeg | 녞 nyegg | 녟 nyegs | 녠 nyen | 녡 nyenj | 녢 nyenh | 녣 nyed | 녤 nyel | 녥 nyelg | 녦 nyelm | 녧 nyelb | 녨 nyels | 녩 nyelt | 녪 nyelp | 녫 nyelh | 녬 nyem | 녭 nyeb | 녮 nyebs | 녯 nyes | 녰 nyess | 녱 nyeng | 녲 nyej | 녳 nyecc | 녴 nyek | 녵 nyet | 녶 nyep | 녷 nyeh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅩ (o) | 노 no | 녹 nog | 녺 nogg | 녻 nogs | 논 non | 녽 nonj | 녾 nonh | 녿 nod | 놀 nol | 놁 nolg | 놂 nolm | 놃 nolb | 놄 nols | 놅 nolt | 놆 nolp | 놇 nolh | 놈 nom | 놉 nob | 놊 nobs | 놋 nos | 놌 noss | 농 nong | 놎 noj | 놏 nocc | 놐 nok | 놑 not | 높 nop | 놓 noh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅪ (wa) | 놔 nwa | 놕 nwag | 놖 nwagg | 놗 nwags | 놘 nwan | 놙 nwanj | 놚 nwanh | 놛 nwad | 놜 nwal | 놝 nwalg | 놞 nwalm | 놟 nwalb | 놠 nwals | 놡 nwalt | 놢 nwalp | 놣 nwalh | 놤 nwam | 놥 nwab | 놦 nwabs | 놧 nwas | 놨 nwass | 놩 nwang | 놪 nwaj | 놫 nwacc | 놬 nwak | 놭 nwat | 놮 nwap | 놯 nwah |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅫ (wae) | 놰 nwae | 놱 nwaeg | 놲 nwaegg | 놳 nwaegs | 놴 nwaen | 놵 nwaenj | 놶 nwaenh | 놷 nwaed | 놸 nwael | 놹 nwaelg | 놺 nwaelm | 놻 nwaelb | 놼 nwaels | 놽 nwaelt | 놾 nwaelp | 놿 nwaelh | 뇀 nwaem | 뇁 nwaeb | 뇂 nwaebs | 뇃 nwaes | 뇄 nwaess | 뇅 nwaeng | 뇆 nwaej | 뇇 nwaecc | 뇈 nwaek | 뇉 nwaet | 뇊 nwaep | 뇋 nwaeh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅬ (oe) | 뇌 noe | 뇍 noeg | 뇎 noegg | 뇏 noegs | 뇐 noen | 뇑 noenj | 뇒 noenh | 뇓 noed | 뇔 noel | 뇕 noelg | 뇖 noelm | 뇗 noelb | 뇘 noels | 뇙 noelt | 뇚 noelp | 뇛 noelh | 뇜 noem | 뇝 noeb | 뇞 noebs | 뇟 noes | 뇠 noess | 뇡 noeng | 뇢 noej | 뇣 noecc | 뇤 noek | 뇥 noet | 뇦 noep | 뇧 noeh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅭ (yo) | 뇨 nyo | 뇩 nyog | 뇪 nyogg | 뇫 nyogs | 뇬 nyon | 뇭 nyonj | 뇮 nyonh | 뇯 nyod | 뇰 nyol | 뇱 nyolg | 뇲 nyolm | 뇳 nyolb | 뇴 nyols | 뇵 nyolt | 뇶 nyolp | 뇷 nyolh | 뇸 nyom | 뇹 nyob | 뇺 nyobs | 뇻 nyos | 뇼 nyoss | 뇽 nyong | 뇾 nyoj | 뇿 nyocc | 눀 nyok | 눁 nyot | 눂 nyop | 눃 nyoh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅮ (u) | 누 nu | 눅 nug | 눆 nugg | 눇 nugs | 눈 nun | 눉 nunj | 눊 nunh | 눋 nud | 눌 nul | 눍 nulg | 눎 nulm | 눏 nulb | 눐 nuls | 눑 nult | 눒 nulp | 눓 nulh | 눔 num | 눕 nub | 눖 nubs | 눗 nus | 눘 nuss | 눙 nung | 눚 nuj | 눛 nucc | 눜 nuk | 눝 nut | 눞 nup | 눟 nuh |
| ᄂ (n) | ᅯ (weo) | 눠 nweo | 눡 nweog | 눢 nweogg | 눣 nweogs | 눤 nweon | 눥 nweonj | 눦 nweonh | 눧 nweod | 눨 nweol | 눩 nweolg | 눪 nweolm | |||||||||||||||||