영역 시조―한시선


1판 1쇄/2001년 2월 25일


지은이/김영락

펴낸이/서정원

펴낸곳/도서출판 전망

주소/부산광역시 중구 동광동 5가 48-6 우편번호/600-025

전화/466-2006, 441-4445 팩시/441-4445

출판등록 제카1-166

ⓒ 2001 김영락 KOREA

W441@chollian.net


값 6,500원


ISBN 89-7973-115-


*저자와 협의에 의해 인지를 생략합니다.

영역 시조―한시선

김영락


Old Poems of Korea

-Sijo and Hansi-

Tr. by

Kim Yong Nahg

서문


“로마에 가면 로마인들이 하는 대로 하라”는 속담이 있다. 참으로 명언이다. 그러나 대부분의 외국인은 한국에 와서도 한국인이 하는 대로 하지 않는다. 우리가 그들의 양식에 따라 불편함이 없도록 행동하고 배려해 주기 때문이다. 한국이 편안한 나라일지는 몰라도 한국의 독특한 문화를 가진 곳임을 이해시키는 데는 미흡하다. 일본은 벌써 노벨 문학상을 받은 사람이 있다. 한국의 문학 수준이 그만 못해서인가. 필자는 그렇게 보지 않는다. 외국인들, 특히 구미인은 한국 문화의 이해에 적극적이지 않다. 게다가 유감스럽게도 한국인은 한국인대로 우리의 관습과 내면적인 사고방식 등을 그들에게 이해시키려는 노력보다 그들을 모방하려는 노력이 더 강하다. 그들의 양식을 따라가지 못하면 국제화에 뒤진 사람이 된다. 이것은 아무리 생각해도 공평하지 못하다.

고시조(古時調)의 주제는 대략 이별, 원모(怨慕), 전원, 한거(閑居), 안빈낙도(安貧樂道), 충성심, 감군(感君)의 내용들이다. 이밖에도 호학(好學) 수신(修身), 윤리와 도덕, 효행, 우정, 인생의 무상 등, 인간의 내면세계를 스쳐 가는 모든 정회를 망라하고 있다.

한시의 내용도 이와 유사하다. 그런데 우리의 작품이 아무리 훌륭해도 외국에 이해가 되지 않는다면 대등한 국제화의 저울은 쓸모가 없다. 그렇다고 일시에 이해에 도달하기를 기대할 수도 없다.

역자는 이 작은 책이 국내에 들어오는 외국인에게 심심풀이가 되고, 우리들이 외국에 나갈 때 들고 가서 친지에게 선물이라도 할만한 물건이 되도록 만들고자 하였다. 이 소박한 소망이 이루어질 지는 알 수 없는 일이다. 다만 외국인들이 우리의 내면을 들여다보는 기회를 주었다면 더 바랄 것이 없겠다.


INTRODUCTION


Just as Koreans, as Asians, have had to struggle to grasp the significance of the Christian iconography and Greek mythology of the West in order to understand Western art and literature, so Westerners must try to come to grips with the precepts of Confucianism and the profundity of Buddhism if they are to begin to understand Eastern culture and its artistic achievements. This anthology intends to present Westerners with a selection of these accomplishments as one way 　 among many 　 of fostering such an understanding.

Included in this book are favorite poets of the Koryo and Joseon Dynasties. All of them wrote their poems in strict forms and metrical patterns. The sijo form is generally composed of three lines with a pause in each of the lines. Rhyme is not an important feature. The history of the sijo form can be traced back to Goguryeo and Baekje, ancient kingdoms preceding the Koryo Dynasty. The greatest sijo poets were Jeong Cheol(1536～1593), Yun Seondo (1587～1671), Bak Inro(1561～1642), and Hwang Jini, to name but a few. Almost two thousand poems had been written by the end of the Joseon Dynasty.

Hansi, on the other hand, is written in a Chinese poetic prosody in Chinese characters adapted for Korean use. Its history is longer than that of the sijo form, and a number of poems written during the Three Kingdoms Period (1st century BC through 10th century AD) survive today.

일러두기




수록된 시는 고려와 조선의 유명한 시조와 한시들이다. 이 시기는 비교적 서양의 영향이 적어서 한국적인 색채가 진한 시기로 볼 수 있다고 판단되었기 때문이다. 그러나 역자 자신이 부족하여 한국적인 독특한 표현이나 시적 기교를 제대로 살려내지 못했음은 스스로 인정하는 바이다.

시조와 한시는 엄격한 율격에 의해서 쓰여지는 것이 특성이어서 그 음악성을 조금이라도 살리기 위한 노력을 하였다. 그 과정에서 번역된 시가 영국의 낭만주의 이전의 냄새를 풍기는 경우가 많다는 점 또한 인정하는 바이다. 어쩌면 그것이 우리의 고시조와 한시가 가지고 있는 특성일지도 모른다고 스스로 위안을 삼아 보기도 한다.

주로 참고한 서적은 이상보 선, 명시조감상, 을유문화사, 1971; 박을수 편, 한국시조대사전, 아세아문화사, 1992, 황병국; 한국명인시선, 을유문화사, 1971; 두산세계대백과 99, 한국정신문화연구원, 한국민족문화 대백과 사전, 1992 등이다. 다만 시조의 글 가운데 난해한 옛말은 외람되이 현대어로 옮겨 쓴 곳도 더러 있음을 밝혀둔다.


작품의 배열은 작가의 사망 연도를 대략의 기준으로 삼았으며, 짝수 쪽에는 우리말 과 한시를, 홀수 쪽에는 영문 번역시를 실었다. 이는 외국인이 읽는 데 편의를 주고자 함이다. 따라서 <미주>에는 외국인에게 필요한 설명 뿐 아니라 한국인에게 필요한 설명도 함께 곁들여 있어서 다소 몰골이 사납게 되었다. 독자의 양해를 바란다.


특정 작가의 시를 찾아볼 수 있도록 책의 말미에 작가의 이름에 따른 <찾아보기>를 붙였으나, 작품에 따른 것은 여러 가지 사정으로 첨부하지 못 하였음을 애석하게 생각한다. <부록>에는 고려와 조선왕조의 왕명과 재위 기간을 적었다. <미주>를 읽을 때 내외국인이 함께 참고가 되도록 하기 위함이다.

고유명사의 로마자 표기는 2000년에 교육부가 공포한 원칙을 따랐다. 끝으로 졸역의 교정에 시간을 아끼지 않고 도움을 준 동아대학교의 R. Perchan 박사께 깊은 감사를 드린다.


2001년 2월

김영락

목차

영역 시조―한시선                                           김영락


제1편 시조


16 ―― 춘산에 눈 녹인 바람 / 우  탁

16 ―― 이화梨花에 월백月白하고 / 이조년

16 ―― 구름이 무심탄 말이 / 이존오

16 ―― 백설이 잦아진 골에 / 이색

18 ―― 오백 년 도읍지를 / 길재

18 ―― 이런들 어떠하며 / 이방원

18 ―― 이몸이 죽어죽어 / 정몽주

18 ―― 흥망이 유수하니 / 원천석

20 ―― 선인교 나린 물이 / 정도전

20 ―― 언충신言忠信 행독경行篤敬하 / 성석린

20 ―― 대초 불 붉은 골에 / 황희

20 ―― 삭풍은 나무 끝에 불고 / 김종서

22 ―― 내해 좋다 하고 / 변계량

22 ―― 수양산 바라보며 / 성삼문

22 ―― 까마귀 눈비 맞아 / 박팽년

22 ―― 방안에 혔는 촛불 / 이개

24 ―― 천만리 머나먼 길에 / 왕방연

24 ―― 장검을 빼어들고 / 남이

24 ―― 추강에 밤이 드니 / 월산대군

24 ―― 있으렴 부디 갈따 / 성종

26 ―― 당우唐虞를 어제 본 듯 / 소춘풍

26 ―― 전언前言은 희지이戱之耳라 / 소춘풍

26 ―― 제齊도 대국이요 / 소춘풍

26 ―― 꽃이 진다 하고 / 송순

28 ―― 풍상風霜이 섞어  / 송순

28 ―― 십 년을 경영하여 초려삼간 / 미상

28 ―― 들은 말 즉시 잊고 / 송인

28 ―― 전나귀 모노라니 / 안정

Contents

Old Poems of Korea -Sijo and Hansi                  Kim Yong Nahg



Part I Sijo


U Tak / The Warm Wind on the Hills ―― 17

Yi Jonyeon / The Moon Is Pallid ―― 17

Yi Jono / It's False, Perhaps ―― 17

Yi Saek / The Clouds Are Dark in the Valley ―― 17

Gil Je / Back at the Royal Seat ―― 19

Yi Bangweon / It Is Six of One ―― 19

Jeong Mongju / If I Be Killed and Killed ―― 19

Weon Cheon Seok / A flood Has Its Ebb ―― 19

Jeong Dojeon / The Stream under the Seonin Bridge ―― 21

Seong Seoklin / Be Faithful, Discrete, and Respectful ―― 21

Hwang Hui / When Jujube Dates Are Ripe ―― 21

Kim Jongseo / Boreas Whetting Sharp ―― 21

Byun Gye Ryang / Never Do What Others Dislike ―― 23

Sung Sammun / On Seeing Mt. Suyang ―― 23

Bak Pengnyeon / The Crows Are Never Whiter ―― 23

Yi Gae / Oh, Candle Burning Bright ―― 23

Wang Bang Yeon / It’s Really in a Far-off Place ―― 25

Nam Yi / With a Long Sword Drawn ―― 25

Prince Weolsan / It's Chilly on the Autumn River ―― 25

King Seongjong / Stay, Please ―― 25

Sochunpung / I Think I find Han-Tang-Song ―― 27

Sochunpung / I Made a Jest. ―― 27

Sochunpung / Qi Was Powerful ―― 27

Song Sun / Why Are You Sad, Oh, Birds ―― 27

Song Sun / These Yellow Chrysanthemums ―― 29

Anonymous / I Worked for Ten Years ―― 29

Song In / What I Hear and What I See ―― 29

An Jeong / As I Ride a Donkey Lame ―― 29



30 ―― 청우靑牛를 빗기 타고 / 안정

30 ―― 날이 저물거늘 / 권호문

30 ―― 성현의 가신 길이 / 권호문

30 ―― 궁달窮達을 부운浮雲 같이 보아 / 권호문

32 ―― 마음이 어린 후니 / 서경덕

32 ―― 청산리靑山裏 벽계수碧溪水야 / 황진이

32 ―― 어저 내일이여 / 황진이

32 ―― 동짓달 기나긴 밤을 / 황진이

34 ―― 청초 우거진 골에 / 임제

34 ―― 이화우梨花雨 흩뿌릴 제 / 계랑

34 ―― 굽어는 천심녹수 / 이현보

34 ―― 청하靑荷에 밥을 싸고 / 이현보

36 ―― 북창이 맑다커늘 / 임제

36 ―― 어이 얼어 자리 / 한우

36 ―― 갓 쉰이 젊을까마는 / 정철

36 ―― 강원도 백성들아 / 정철

38 ―― 강호 둥실 / 정철

38 ―― 밀기울 겨로 때를 / 정철

38 ―― 길 위의 두 돌 부처 / 정철

38 ―― 나무도 병이 드니 / 정철

40 ―― 남산 뫼 어디메다 / 정철

40 ―― 내 마음 베어내어 / 정철

40 ―― 내 양자樣姿 남만 못할 줄 / 정철

40 ―― 옛 사랑 이제 사랑 / 정철

42 ―― 누樓 밖에 벽오동에 / 정철

42 ―― 녹양綠楊이 천만사千萬絲인들 / 이원익

42 ―― 반중 조홍早紅감이 / 박인로

42 ―― 자네 집에 술 익거든 / 김육




An Jeong / Astride a Young Bull ―― 31

Kweon Homun / At Nightfall ―― 31

Kweon Homun / The Roads the Saints and Sages Took ―― 31

Kweon Homun / Misfortunes and Fortunes ―― 31

Seo Kyeongdeok / As My Mind Is Green ―― 33

Hwang Jini / Don't Be Proud, Clear Water ―― 33

Hwang Jini / Why Didn't I Know ―― 33

Hwang Jini / I Wish I Could Divide ―― 33

Im Je / Are You Asleep or Just Lying ―― 35

Gye-Rag / We Parted Weeping ―― 35

Yi Hyeonbo / Below, a Deep Blue Lake ―― 35

Yi Hyeonbo / With My Fish on a Withe ―― 35

Im Je / Hearing the Northern Sky Was Clear ―― 37

Hanu / Why Should I Go to Bed Cold and Frozen ―― 37

Jeong Cheol / Fifty Is Not a Young Age ―― 37

Jeong Cheol / Don't Enter in a Lawsuit ―― 37

Jeong Cheol / Oh, Gulls, Flying Aloft ―― 39

Jeong Cheol / Whether My Meals Be Wheat Chaff ―― 39

Jeong Cheol / Two Stone Buddhas ―― 39

Jeong Cheol / None Sits beneath an Ailing Tree ―― 39

Jeong Cheol / Has the Scholar Built His Hut ―― 41

Jeong Cheol / I Wish I Could Dissect My Heart ―― 41

Jeong Cheol / I Am Surely Aware ―― 41

Jeong Cheol / Love Past Is Love Present ―― 41

Jeong Cheol / The Phoenix Doesn't Come ―― 43

Yi Weonik / With Thousands of Threads ―― 43

Bak Inro / How Lovely Are the Persimmons ―― 43

Kim Yuk / Call Me When Thy Rice Wine is Well Seasoned ―― 43




44 ―― 전원에 봄이 오니 / 성운

44 ―― 산촌에 눈이 오니 / 신흠

44 ―― 꿈에 다니는 길이 자최 / 이명한

44 ―― 닻 드자 배 떠나가니 / 김광욱

46 ―― 공명도 잊었노라 / 김광욱

46 ―― 세細버들 가지 꺾어 / 김광욱

46 ―― 공산에 우는 접동 / 박효관

46 ―― 사랑이 어떻더니 / 미상

48 ―― 어리거든 채 어리거나 / 미상

48 ―― 비는 온다마는 / 미상

48 ―― 꿈에 뵈는 임이 / 명옥

48 ―― 솔이 솔이라 하니 / 송이

50 ―― 매화 옛등걸에 / 매화

50 ―― 산촌에 밤이 오니 / 천금

50 ―― 산중에 책력 없어 / 미상

50 ―― 물 아래 그림자 지니 / 미상

52 ―― 말하기 좋다 하고 / 미상

52 ―― 말 타고 꽃밭에 드니 / 미상

52 ―― 건너서는 손을 치고 / 미상

52 ―― 설월雪月이 만창滿窓한데 / 미상


제2편 연시조


56 ―― 강호 사시가 / 맹사성

56 ―― 강호江湖에 봄이 드니

56 ―― 강호에 여름이 드니

56 ―― 강호에 가을이 드니

56 ―― 강호에 겨울이 드니

58 ―― 고산구곡담 / 이이

58 ―― 고산구곡담

58 ―― 일곡은 어디메고

58 ―― 이곡은 어디메고



Seong Un / The Spring for Me ―― 45

Sin Heum / Hidden Are the Village Roads ―― 45

Yi Myeonghan / If the Road in My Dreams ―― 45

Kim Gwang-uk / The Anchors Up ―― 45

Kim Gwang-uk / Fame Have I Forgotten ―― 47

Kim Gwang-uk / I Cut a Withe ―― 47

Bak Hyoguan / Why Keepest Thou Crying ―― 47

Anonymous / What Was Love ―― 47

Anonymous / If Foolish, Be a Complete Fool ―― 49

Anonymous / Why My Love Won't Come ―― 49

Myeongok / The Love You See in a Dream ―― 49

Song­i / Though They Call Me Pine ―― 49

Maehwa / The Spring Is Back ―― 51

Cheongeum / At Nightfall ―― 51

Anonymous / There's No Calendar in My Home ―― 51

Anonymous / A Monk on the Bridge ―― 51

Anonymous / Gossiping Is Fun ―― 53

Anonymous / Riding Horseback ―― 53

Anonymous / Claps from the Opposite Door ―― 53

Anonymous / You Winds, Do Not Croon ―― 53


Part II Sijo Sequences


Maeng Saseong / Song of Four Seasons ―― 57

The Spring in the Countryside ―― 57

Nothing Calls for a Hand ―― 57

The Fall in the Countryside ―― 57

The winter Has Brought the Snow ―― 57

Yi Yi / Nine Beautiful Sights ―― 59

No One Had Known ―― 59

The First Is the Hat-Like Rock ―― 59

The Second Is Flowery Rocks ―― 59



58 ―― 삼곡은 어디메고

58 ―― 사곡은 어디메고

60 ―― 오곡은 어디메고

60 ―― 육곡은 어디메고

60 ―― 칠곡은 어디메고

60 ―― 팔곡은 어디메고

60 ―― 구곡은 어디메고

62 ―― 오우가 / 윤선도

62 ―― 내 벗이 몇이나

62 ―― 구름 빛이 좋다

62 ―― 꽃은 무슨 일로

62 ―― 더우면 꽃피고

62 ―― 나무도 아닌 것이

62 ―― 작은 것이 높이

64 ―― 산중신곡 / 윤선도

64 ―― 만흥漫興 1

64 ―― 만흥漫興 2

64 ―― 만흥漫興 3

64 ―― 만흥漫興 4

66 ―― 만흥漫興 5

66 ―― 만흥漫興 6

68 ―― 훈민가 / 정철

68 ―― 아버님 날 낳으시고

68 ―― 임금과 백성과 사이

68 ―― 형아 아우야

68 ―― 어버이 살으신 제

68 ―― 한 몸 둘에 나눠

70 ―― 아녀자 가는 길을

70 ―― 네 아들 효경 읽더니

70 ―― 마을 사람들아

70 ―― 팔목 쥐시거든

70 ―― 남으로 생긴 중에



The Third Is the Screens of Rocks ―― 59

The Fourth Is the Crags of Pine ―― 59

The Fifth Is the Silvery Screen ―― 61

The Sixth Is the Fishing Valley ―― 61

The Seventh Is Maples and Rocks ―― 61

The Eighth Is the Geumtan ―― 61

The Ninth Is Munsan ―― 61

Yun Seondo / Five Friends of Mine ―― 63

Dear Friends of Mine ―― 63

Clouds Are Fair They Say ―― 63

Why Does the Flower Fall ―― 63

Flowers Bloom ―― 63

Though Yu Ae Nt a Tee ―― 63

Rising Hgh, Though Small ―― 63

Yun Seondo / New Songs in the Mountains ―― 65

Happiness 1 ―― 65

Happiness 2 ―― 65

Happiness 3 ―― 65

Happiness 4 ―― 65

Happiness 5 ―― 67

Happiness 6 ―― 67

Jeong Cheol / Instructions to the People ―― 69

Father Engenders ―― 69

The Sovereign Is the Heaven ―― 69

Brothers Older and Younger ―― 69

Serve Your Parents ―― 69

A Body Parted in Two ―― 69

As a Man Will Turn Away ―― 71

How Much Has Your Son Read ―― 71

My Loving Villagers ―― 71

When He Wants My Arm ―― 71

Of Those Not Born of the Same Parents ―― 71



70 ―― 어와 저 조카야

72 ―― 네 집 상사들은

72 ―― 오늘도 다 새었다

72 ―― 비록 못 입어도

72 ―― 내기 장기 하지 마라

72 ―― 이고 진 저 늙은

74 ―― 도산육곡지일 / 이황

74 ―― 이런들 어떠하며

74 ―― 연하煙霞로 집을 삼고

74 ―― 순풍淳風이 죽다 하니

74 ―― 유란幽蘭이 재곡在谷하니

74 ―― 산전山前에 유대有臺하고

74 ―― 춘풍春風에 화만산花滿山하고

76 ―― 도산육곡지이 / 이황

76 ―― 고인도 날 못 보고

76 ―― 뇌정雷霆이 파산破山하여도

76 ―― 당시에 녀든 길을

76 ―― 우부愚夫도 알려 하거니

76 ―― 천운대天雲臺 돌아들어

76 ―― 청산은 어찌하여


제3편 한시


80 ―― 감로사에서 / 김부식

80 ―― 절귀 / 최충

82 ―― 안빈낙도 / 이자현

82 ―― 대동강 / 정지상

84 ―― 금양현에 묵으며 / 고조기

84 ―― 진주 산수화 / 정여령

86 ―― 진도 벽파정 / 채보문

86 ―― 소상강의 밤비 / 이인로

88 ―― 강 위에 뜬 달 / 이규보

88 ―― 춘흥 / 진화



Oh, My Nephew ―― 71

How Have You Arranged ―― 73

The Day Has Broken ―― 73

Rob Not Others ―― 73

Don't Bet on Dice and Chess ―― 73

Old Man There ―― 73

Yi Hwang / Six Songs Composed at Dosan I ―― 75

What If You Were This ―― 75

The Misty Cloud ―― 75

Good Manners and Customs ―― 75

Wild Orchids Grow in the Valleys ―― 75

A Pavilion Stands in the Mountain ―― 75

The Spring Flowers Abound ―― 75

Yi Hwang / Six Songs Composed at Dosan II ―― 77

The Ancient People ―― 77

The Deaf Don't Hear ―― 77

You Have Deserted the Way ―― 77

What a Fool Attempts to Know ―― 77

Next to Cheonwundae ―― 77

Why Are the Hills and Mountains Ever Green ―― 77


Part Ⅲ Hansi


Kim Busik / A Rhyme at Gamro Temple ―― 81

Choe Chung / A Poem in Heptameter ―― 81

Yi Jahyeon / A Pleasure of the Rustic Life ―― 83

Jeong Jisang / The Daedong River ―― 83

Go Jogi / A Night at Keumyangheon ―― 85

Jeong Yeoryeong / A Landscape of Jinju ―― 85

Chae Bomun / Byeokpa Pavilion in the Isle of Jindo ―― 87

Yi Inro / The Nightly Rain on the Xiao Xiang Rivers ―― 87

Yi Kyubo / The Moon over the River ―― 89

Jin Hwa / Spring Fever ―― 89



90 ―― 부벽루 / 이혼

90 ―― 수사루의 밤 / 노여

92 ―― 월영대 / 채홍철

92 ―― 식영암 노승에게 부침 / 이암

94 ―― 벼슬을 던지고 고향으로 / 신숙

94 ―― 강가에서 / 백원항

96 ―― 배꽃이 질 때 / 김구

96 ―― 붉게 물든 나무 / 이장용

98 ―― 야연 / 권부

98 ―― 자식들에게 이름 / 조인규

100 ―― 백화헌 / 이조년

100 ―― 시골에 가리라 / 이성

102 ―― 용궁마을 개울가에서 / 김원발

102 ―― 고목 / 이감지

104 ―― 남녘 둑의 버드나무 / 최자

104 ―― 여흥의 청심루에서 읊은 노래 / 설문우

106 ―― 산에서 봄을 맞아 / 왕백

106 ―― 강가에서 / 오순

108 ―― 무진객사 / 최원우

108 ―― 소상강의 밤비 / 이제현

110 ―― 유감 / 이달충

110 ―― 고향 산천 그리워 / 곽인

112 ―― 영남루 / 도원흥

112 ―― 무설 스님에게 / 김제안

114 ―― 부벽루 / 이색

114 ―― 남편을 군문軍門에 보내고 / 정몽주

116 ―― 한가로이 살으리 / 길재

116 ―― 양구읍을 지나며 / 원천석

118 ―― 님 보내는 봄날 / 조운흘

118 ―― 강릉 동헌에서 / 송인

120 ―― 침류정 / 염흥방

120 ―― 사람들아 경계하라 / 나옹



Yi Hon / At Bubyeok Pavilion ―― 91

Noyeo / A Night at Susaru ―― 91

Chae Hongcheol / The Plateau of Wolyeong ―― 93

Yi Am / To the Old Monk Sigyeong-am ―― 93

Sin Suk / Going Back Home ―― 95

Baek Weonhang / At the River ―― 95

Kim Gu / The Falling Petals of the Pear Blossoms ―― 97

Yi Jangyong / The Red Trees ―― 97

Kweon Bu / The Feast in the Night ―― 99

Jo Inkyu / Advice to my Sons ―― 99

Yi Jonyeon / The Garden of a Hundred Flowers ―― 101

Yi Seong / On Coming Back to Farm Life ―― 101

Kim Weonbal / Leisurely Life at Yonggung ―― 103

Yi Gamji / An Old Tree ―― 103

Choe Ja / The Willow on the Southern Dike ―― 105

Seol Munu / On Visiting Cheongsim Pavilion at Yeoheung  ―― 105

Wang Baek / A Spring Day in the Mountain ―― 107

O Sun / At the River ―― 107

Choe Weonu / At Mujin ―― 109

Yi Jehyeon / A Rainy Night at the Xiao Xiang River ―― 109

Yi Dalchung / I Wish I Could Go ―― 111

Kwag In / Hills of Home ―― 111

Do Weonheung / Yeongnam Pavilion ―― 113

Kim Jean / To Museol the Reverent Priest ―― 113

Yi Saek / Bubyeok Pavilion ―― 115

Jeong Mongju / A Letter from a Soldier's Wife ―― 115

Gil Jae / Leisurely Life ―― 117

Weon Cheon Seok / On Passing the village of Yanggu ―― 117

Jo Un Heul / A Farewell on a Spring Day ―― 119

Song In / The Official Seat at Gangreung ―― 119

Yeom Heung Bang / The Summer Arbor, Chimryu ―― 121

Na Ong / Advice to the World ―― 121



122 ―― 김익지를 찾아서 / 정도전

122 ―― 성남의 봄 / 권근

124 ―― 깊은 흥 / 유창

124 ―― 고성의 동생에게 / 성석린

126 ―― 공부어사에서 쓴 시 / 이직

126 ―― 게으름 / 이첨

128 ―― 깊은 솔밭 나의 집 / 정거

128 ―― 어느 가을 날 / 권우

130 ―― 정백용에게 / 정이오

130 ―― 영월의 흉보를 듣고 / 양녕대군

132 ―― 고령사에서 / 신석조

132 ―― 오로재에 은퇴하며 / 정종

134 ―― 고향길에 오르며 / 장수

134 ―― 남포의 이별 / 김종서

136 ―― 영월군의 누각에서 / 단종

136 ―― 자규루 / 단종

138 ―― 형을 받을 때 / 성삼문

138 ―― 함길도 절도사가 되어 / 유응부

140 ―― 서강의 한식 / 남효온

140 ―― 단종의 자규사에 화답한다 / 조상치

142 ―― 산수 병풍 / 김수온

142 ―― 김상국에게 / 조수

144 ―― 남포 / 이극감

144 ―― 북정에 즈음하여 / 남이

146 ―― 어부 / 성간

146 ―― 우제 / 류방선

148 ―― 연꽃을 따다가 / 홍만종



Jeong Dojeon / A Visit to Kim Ikji ―― 123

Gweon Geun / On a Spring Day in Seong Nam ―― 123

Yu Chang / Deep Pleasure ―― 125

Seong Seoklin / A Letter to Brother, from Goseong ―― 125

Yi Jik / A Page of Poem at the River ―― 127

Yi Cheom / On Indolence ―― 127

Jeong Geo / A Hut with a Pine ―― 129

Kweon U / An Autumn Day ―― 129

Jeong Yio / To Jeong Baek Yong ―― 131

Prince Yangnyeong / On Hearing Sad News from Yeongweol ―― 131

Sin Seokjo / At Koryeong Temple ―― 133

Jeong Jong / Retiring to the Oro House ―― 133

Jang Su / On Returning Home ―― 135

Kim, Jongseo / At Nampo ―― 135

King Danjong / At a Pavilion of Yeongweol ―― 137

King Danjong / The Cuckoo House ―― 137

Seong Sammun / At the Time of Execution ―― 139

Yu Weungbu / As Commander-in-Chief of Hamgildo ―― 139

Nam Hyo-on / Hansik at the River ―― 141

Jo Sangchi / Written in Response to Danjong's Cuckoo Song ―― 141

Kim Suon / On a Screen of Natural Scenery ―― 143

Jo Su / Lines to Kim Sangguk ―― 143

Yi Geuggam / At the river ―― 145

Nam Yi / At a Campaign in the North ―― 145

Seong Gan / The Fisher ―― 147

Ryu Bangseon / A Casual Poem ―― 147

Hong Manjong / A Lass and Lotus Flowers ―― 149


제1편 시조

Part I Sijo



우탁

춘산에 눈 녹인 바람 선듯 불고 간 데 없다.

적은덧 빌어다가 마리 우헤 불리고저

귀 밑에 해묵은 서리를 녹여 볼까 하노라.



이조년

이화梨花에 월백月白하고 은한銀寒이 삼경인 제

일지춘심一枝春心을 자규子規야 알랴마는

다정도 병인 양하여 잠 못 들어 하노라.



이존오

구름이 무심탄 말이 아마도 허랑하다.

중천에 떠있어 임의로 다니면서

구태여 광명한 날빛을 따라가며 덮나니.



이색

백설이 잦아진 골에 구름이 머흘에라.

반가운 매화는 어느 곳에 피었는고.

석양에 홀로 서서 갈 곳 몰라 하노라.


U Tak1)

The warm wind on the hills that melts away the snow

Was surely here but I know not when it did go.

Just a little of it that lingers I would bring,

And around the top of my head let it swing,

To thaw the frost below my ears

That has grown for many and many years.


Yi Jonyeon2)

The moon is pallid against the blossoms of the pear;

The Milky Way is twinkling cold at midnight.

The cuckoos wouldn't guess why I am in despair,

Perching in the boughs of trees in the dim light.

My affection, my love, is a malady I keep;

The disease of the season deprives me of peaceful sleep.


Yi Jono3)

It's false, perhaps, that clouds are impartial.

For, wandering unrestrained on high,

They cover at will the daylight bright.


Yi Saek4)

The clouds are dark in the valley where snows have melted.

Where are the plums in bloom that will delight my heart?

I am left alone in the darkness and dismayed as to where to go.





길재

오백 년 도읍지를 필마匹馬로 돌아드니

산천은 의구하되 인걸人傑은 간 데 없다.

어즈버 태평연월太平烟月이 꿈이런가 하노라.



이방원

이런들 어떠하며 저런들 어떠하료.

만수산 드렁츩이 얽어진들 어떠하료.

우리도 이같이 얽어져 백 년까지 누리리라.



정몽주

이몸이 죽어죽어 일백 번 고쳐 죽어

백골이 진토되어 넋이라도 있고 없고

임 향한 일편단심이야 가실 줄이 이시랴.



원천석

흥망이 유수하니 만월대도 추초秋草로다.

오백 년 왕업이 목적牧笛에 부쳤으니

석양에 지나는 객이 눈물겨워 하더라.


Gil Je5)

Back at the royal seat of half a millennium on horseback,

I see the landscape is as it was, but gone are the heroes.

Alas, those years of glory and peace are only dreams!6)



Yi Bangweon7)

It is six of one, and half a dozen of the other.

What if the arrowroots of Mt. Mansu be tangled together?

We will be tangled like them, and prosper for years and years.



Jeong Mongju

If I be killed and killed hundreds and hundreds of times,

Whether my bones, when turned to dirt, have soul or not,

You will never see my loyalty falter, never.



Weon Cheon Seok8)

A flood has its ebb; I see Manweoldae9) o'ergrown with weeds.

Only a shepherd's pipe is chanting the royal deeds!

I, a mere traveler, hear it with tears, as I pass in the twilight.



정도전

선인교 나린 물이 자하동에 흐르로니

반천 년 왕업이 물소래뿐이로다.

아해야 고국 흥망을 일러 무삼하리오.



성석린

언충신言忠信 행독경行篤敬하고 그른 일을 아니하면

내 몸에 해 없고 남 아니 무이나니.

행하고 여력이 있거든 학문조차 하여라.



황희

대초 불 붉은 골에 밤은 어이 뜯들으며

벼 빈 그루에 게는 어이 나리는고?

술 익자 체장사 돌아가니 아니 먹고 어이리.



김종서

삭풍은 나무 끝에 불고 명월은 눈 속에 찬데

만리 변성에 일장검 짚고 서서

긴 파람 큰 한 소리에 거칠 것이 없애라.



Jeong Dojeon10)

The stream under the Seonin Bridge runs down to Jahadong.11)

The dynasty of half a millennium is only left in its sound.

Why do you ask, my boy, of the rise and fall of your fatherland?



Seong Seoklin12)

Be faithful, discrete, and respectful in speech and behavior.

You will neither be injured nor hated by others.

If you can further afford, learn to read and write.



Hwang Hui13)

When jujube dates are ripe, and chestnuts fall on the ground,

Behold the crabs, where they creep around the rice stubs!

And the sieve peddler's gone. Come, wine is good to sip!14)



Kim Jongseo15)

Boreas whetting sharp on the boughs, the moon is bright in the snows

When I stand with a mighty sword in my hand on a far-off battlement,

And shout a roaring command, nothing will stand in my way.



변계량

내해 좋다 하고 남 싫은 일 하지 말며

남이 한다 하고 의 아니면 좇지 마라.

우리는 천성을 지키어 삼긴대로 하리라.



성삼문

수양산 바라보며 이제夷齊를 한하노라.

주려 죽을진들 채미採薇도 하는 것가.

비록애 푸새엣 것인들 긔 뉘 따에 났다니.



박팽년

까마귀 눈비 맞아 희는 듯 검노매라.

야광 명월이야 밤인들 어두우랴.

임 향한 일편단심이야 가실 줄이 있으랴.



이개

방안에 혔는 촛불 눌과 이별하였관대

겉으로 눈물지고 속타는 줄 모르는다.

우리도 천리에 임 이별하고 속타는 듯하여라.



Byun Gye Ryang16)

Never do what others dislike, though you like it.

Never follow others when they do injustice.

We will follow nature as we are born.



Sung Sammun17)

On seeing Mt. Suyang,18) I accuse Yi and Je:19)

It's better they starved to death than gathered bracken.

Even if a plant, they should have known where it grew.



Bak Pengnyeon20)

The crows are never whiter though covered with snow:

The bright moon in the sky will never grow dark in the night.

Why expect my fealty to my lord will change?



Yi Gae21)

Oh, candle burning bright in the room, you parted from someone

And shed tears without, not knowing you burn within.

We, too, parted from our love and burn within.




왕방연

천만리 머나먼 길에 고운 임 여희옵고

내 마음 둘 데 없어 냇가에 앉아이다.

저 물도 내 안 같아야 울어 밤길 예놋다.



남이

장검을 빼어들고 백두산에 올라보니

대명천지에 성진腥塵이 잠겼애라.

언제나 남북풍진南北風塵을 헤쳐 볼고 하노라.



월산대군

추강에 밤이 드니 물결이 차노매라.

낚시 드리치니 고기 아니 무노매라.

무심한 달빛만 싣고 빈 배 저어 오노라.



성종

있으렴 부디 갈따 아니 가든 못할소냐.

무단히 싫더냐 남의 말을 들었느냐.

그려도 하 애닲고야 가는 뜻을 일러라.


Wang Bang Yeon22)

It’s really in a far-off place where I left my love.

And, having none to confide in, I sit on a dike.

The water knows my mind and weeps the night on.



Nam Yi23)

With a long sword drawn in my hand, I climb Baekdu,24)

And see the whole bright world filled with warring dust.

When can I calm down the world of dusts and winds?



Prince Weolsan25)

It's chilly on the autumn river in the night.

I cast a line, but no fish will come and bite.

I steer home my empty boat filled with moonlight.



King Seongjong26)

Stay, please. Have you to leave? Will you stay no longer?

Do you refuse for no purpose, or has someone told you you should?

How I shall miss you! Tell me the reason you have to leave.


소춘풍

당우唐虞를 어제 본 듯 한당송 漢唐宋을 오늘 본 듯

통고금通古今 달사리達事理하는 명철사明哲士를 어떻다고

저 설 데 역력히 모르는 무부武夫를 어이 좇으리.



소춘풍

전언前言은 희지이戱之耳라 내 말을 허물 마오

문무일체인 줄 나도 잠깐 아옵거니

무어라 규규무부赳赳武夫를 아니 쫓고 어이라.



소춘풍

제齊도 대국이요 초楚도 역亦대국이라

조그만 등국滕國이 간어제초間於齊楚하였으니

두어라 이 좋으니 사제사초事齊事楚하리라.



송순

꽃이 진다 하고 새들아 슳어 마라.

바람이 흩날리니 꽃의 탓 아니로다.

가노라 희짓는 봄을 새와 무삼하리요.



Sochunpung

I think I find Han-Tang-Song27) of today, and Tang-Yu28) of yesterday,

In the brilliant sages with eyes piercing the distant past and present.

Why should I love those armor bearers who know not where to sit or stand?29)



Sochunpung

I made a jest. Please, don't nurse a grudge against me.

I kind of know that pens and arms are but one.

Why shouldn't I admire the valiant and handsome warriors?30)



Sochunpung

Qi was powerful, and Chu was powerful, too.31)

The weak Teng was happy to survive between the two.

I think I must serve, as Teng did, both Qi and Chu.



Song Sun32)

Why are you sad, oh, birds, that the flowers fall?

The wind scatters them; blame not the flowers.

Why scold the season too that's willing to part?


송순

풍상風霜이 섞어 친 날에 갓 피온 황국화를

금분金盆에 가득 담아 옥당玉堂에 보내오니

도리桃李야 꽃이온 양 마라 임의 뜻을 알괘라.



미상

십 년을 경영하여 초려삼간 지어내니

나 한 간 달 한 간에 청풍 한 간 맡겨두고

강산은 들일 데 없으니 둘러두고 보리라.



송인

들은 말 즉시 잊고 본 일도 못 본 듯이

내 인사 이러호매 남의 시비 모를로다.

다만지 손이 성하니 잔잡기만 하노라.



안정

전나귀 모노라니 서산에 일모日暮이로다.

산로山路이 험하거든 간수澗水이나 잔잔커나.

풍편風便에 문견폐聞犬吠하니 다 왔는가 하노라.


Song Sun

These yellow Chrysanthemums born in frost and wind

Are sent to us courtiers in golden pots. You, peaches blind,

Never regard them as flowers: they are King's heart and mind.33)



Anonymous

I worked for ten years, and built at last a thatched cottage.

A room for myself, a room for the moon, and a room for the wind,

And no room for the hills and brooks; I'll view them standing around me.



Song In34)

What I hear and what I see I try to forget.

Such is my attitude; no one ever assails me.

I have only to seize the glasses with my undamaged hands.



An Jeong35)

As I ride a donkey lame, it's already eventide.

The lanes are rugged; I wish the brooks ran smooth instead.

I hear in the wind the dogs barking; my home is near.


안정

청우靑牛를 빗기 타고 녹수綠水를 흘러 건너

천태산天台山 깊은 골에 불로초를 캐러 가니

만학萬壑에 백운이 잦았으니 갈 길 몰라 하노라.



권호문

날이 저물거늘 나외야 할 일 없어

송관松關을 닫고 月下에 누웠으니

세상에 티끌 마음이 일호말도 없다.



권호문

성현의 가신 길이 만고에 한 가지라.

은隱커나 현見커나 도道이 어찌 다르리.

일도一道이오 다르지 아니하니 아무 덴들 어떠리.



권호문

궁달窮達을 부운浮雲 같이 보아 세사世事 잊어두고

호산 가수에 노는 뜻을

원학猿鶴이 내 벗 아니어든 어느 분이 알으실고?



An Jeong

Astride a young bull, over the green waters,

I rode so deep in Mt. Cheontae to find unaging herbs,

That, all the valleys topped with clouds, oh, I am lost!



Kweon Homun36)

At nightfall, having finished my daily tasks,

I bar my door of pine wood and lie in the moon.

No jot of the dust of the world remains in my mind.



Kweon Homun

The roads the saints and sages took are one and the same.

Unseen or seen, no difference in the ways they claim.

Though any of them I may choose, they differ only in name.



Kweon Homun

Misfortunes and fortunes to me are nothing but flying clouds;

Lofty hills and crystal waters I praise instead.

Who will know my mind, when apes and cranes aren't my friends?


서경덕

마음이 어린 후니 하는 일이 다 어리다.

만중운산에 어내 님 오리마는

지는 잎 부는 바람에 행여 긘가 하노라.



황진이

청산리靑山裏 벽계수碧溪水야 수이 감을 자랑 마라.

일도창해一到蒼海하면 돌아오기 어려우리.

명월이 만공산滿空山하니 쉬어간들 어떠리.



황진이

어저 내일이여 그릴 줄을 모르더냐?

있으라 하더면 가랴마는 제 구타여

보내고 그리는 정은 나도 몰라 하노라.



황진이

동짓달 기나긴 밤을 한 허리 둘에 내어

춘풍 이불 아래 서리서리 넣었다가

임 오는 밤이어들란 구비구비 펴리라.


Seo Kyeongdeok37)

As my mind is green, so is everything I do.

My love is unlikely to come to this deep, deep mountain:

A falling leaf or a rustling breeze I presume to be such!



Hwang Jini38)

Don't be proud, clear water,39) of running free to the beach!

You will find it hard to go back, once the azure ocean you reach.

Take a break, while the moon is bright in the sky, I beseech.



Hwang Jini

Why didn't I know the things would turn out this way?

He'd be with me now, had I told him then to stay.

How stupid I am to have let him go and in sore need!



Hwang Jini

I wish I could divide the long, long winter's night in two,

And hiding one after the other in the blanket of spring,

I'd unfold it slowly in the night when my love is come.




임제

청초 우거진 골에 자는다 누웠는다.

홍안은 어디 두고 백골만 묻혔나니.

잔 잡아 권할 이 없으니 그를 설워하노라.



계랑

이화우梨花雨 흩뿌릴 제 울며 잡고 이별한 임.

추풍낙엽에 저도 날 생각는가?

천리에 외로운 꿈만 오락가락 하노매.



이현보

굽어는 천심녹수千尋綠水 돌아보니 만첩청산

십장홍진十丈紅塵이 언매나 가렸는고.

강호에 월백하거든 더욱 무심하여라.



이현보

청하靑荷에 밥을 싸고 녹유綠柳에 고기 꿰어

노추화총蘆萩花叢에 배 매어 두고

일반청의미一般淸意味를 어느 분이 알으신고?



Im Je40)

Are you asleep or just lying beneath the overgrown green grass?

Where do you hide your rosy visage, leaving the bones here buried?

Woe to me! Who would offer you a glass of wine now?



Gye-Rang41)

We parted weeping when pear blossoms rained.

Does he think of me when the autumn leaves are falling?

Only my dreams just make long trips between us.



Yi Hyeonbo42)

Below, a deep blue lake. At the back, a deep green mount.

How they have hidden in them the thick dust of the world!

The spotless moon in the sky makes me all the more carefree.



Yi Hyeonbo

With my fish on a withe, and my lunch in a lotus leaf,

I moor my boat to a bush of reeds in full bloom.

Who would appreciate my simple pleasures?



임제

북창이 맑다커늘 우장 없이 길을 나니

산에는 눈이 오고 들에는 찬비로다

오늘은 찬비 맞았으니 얼어 잘까 하노라



한우

어이 얼어 자리 무슨 일 얼어 자리.

원앙침 비취금을 어디 두고 얼어 자리.

오늘은 찬비 맞았으니 녹아 잘까 하노라.



정철

갓 쉰이 젊을까마는 간 곳마다 술을 보고,

잇몸 드러내어 웃는 영문 무슨 일고.

전부터 알던 것이라 못내 잊어 하노라.



정철

강원도 백성들아 형제 송사訟事 하지 마라.

종 따위 밭 따위는 얻기나 쉽거니와

어디 가서 또 얻을 것이라 흘기 할기 하느냐?


Im Je

Hearing the northern sky was clear, I set out unprepared.

It's snowing on the mountains, and raining in the fields.

Wet in the cold, cold rain, I can't help but freeze to the bed.43)



Hanu 

Why should I go to bed cold and frozen, cold and frozen?

Why should I keep away the pillow of love-ducks and jade-green bed sheet?

Wet in the cold, cold rain, I want to be warmed in bed tonight.44)



Jeong Cheol45)

Fifty is not a young age, though. Why do you grin

And show your gums, at every sight of liquor?

Oh, I can't forget it; it's an old friend of mine.



Jeong Cheol

Don't enter in a lawsuit, my people,46) against your brothers.

Such things as fields and servants are easy to find,

Why scowl down at them? You will never find substitutes.


정철

강호 둥실 백구白鷗로다.

우연히 뱉은 침이 지는 구나 백구 등에.

백구야 성내지 마라. 세상더러 한 짓이야.



정철

밀기울 겨로 때를 잇거나 말거나 쪽박 따위 있거나 말거나

비록 이 세간이 판탕할 망정

고운 님 날 괴이면 그를 믿고 살리라.



정철

길 위의 두 돌 부처 벗고 굶고 마주 서서

바람비 눈서리를 멋대로 맞을망정

인간의 이별을 모르니 그를 부러하노라.



정철

나무도 병이 드니 정자라도 쉴 이 없다.

호화히 섰을 때는 오는 이 가는 이 다 쉬더니

잎 지고 가지 꺾인 후론 새도 아니 앉는다.


Jeong Cheol

Oh, gulls, flying aloft in the sky!47) 

It was by chance that my spittle fell on your back.

So don't get wrathful: to me the world was filthy.



Jeong Cheol

Whether my meals be wheat chaff, or scanty be my furniture,

Whether my household budget hit the bottom or not,

If only my lover's in love with me, nothing else I would care for.



Jeong Cheol

Two stone Buddhas stand face to face on the road,

Beaten by the bleak weather, naked and famished. 

I envy them for not knowing what it is to part.



Jeong Cheol

None sits beneath an ailing tree, which cast a good shade.

When stately it stood, every walker took a rest there.

No bird will even settle on its boughs now bare of leaves.



정철

남산 뫼 어디메다 고학사 초당 지어

꽃 두고 달 두고 바위 두고 물 두었느냐?

술조차 두는 양하여 나를 오라 하거니.



정철

내 마음 베어내어 저 달을 만들고자.

구만리 장천에 뚜렷이 걸려 있어

고운 님 계신 곳에 가 비추어나 보리라.



정철

내 양자樣姿 남만 못할 줄 나도 잠깐 알건마는

연지도 바려 있고 분때도 아니 미네.

이러코 괴실까 뜻은 전혀 아니 먹노라.



정철

옛 사랑 이제 사랑 어제 교태 오늘 교태로다.

생각하니 꿈이요 진적陳跡이라.

첫 마음 변하지만 않으면 돌아설 법 있으랴.



Jeong Cheol

Has the scholar48) built his hut somewhere on Namsan,49)

And invited flowers, rocks, the moon, and a pond?

He will also invite me, for he has liquor.



Jeong Cheol

I wish I could dissect my heart and make it a moon!

Hanging bright on the firmament profound,

It would illumine the palace of my lord!



Jeong Cheol

I am surely aware that my features are not so fair.

Cheek paint and powder do not wash clean!

How could I expect he would still be in love with me?


Jeong Cheol

Love past is love present,

Coquetry past is coquetry present.

I think I have lived in a long dream,

A dream too long to trace back.

There is no reason you'd turn away

When your love remains as it was at first.


정철

누樓 밖에 벽오동에 봉황이 아니 온다.

무심한 조각달이 홀로 배회하는 뜻은

언제나 봉황이 오면 놀아볼까 함이라.



이원익

녹양綠楊이 천만사千萬絲인들 가는 춘풍 매어 두며

탐화봉접探花蜂蝶인들 지는 꽃을 어이하리.

아무리 근원이 중한들 가는 임을 어이리.



박인로

반중 조홍早紅감이 고와도 보이나다.

유자柚子이 아니라도 품음즉도 하다마는

품어 가 반길 이 없을새 글로 설워하노라.



김육

자네 집에 술 익거든 부디 날 부르시소.

내 집에 꽃 피거든 나도 자네 청해옴세.

백 년덧 시름 잊을 일을 의논코자 하노라.


Jeong Cheol

The Phoenix doesn't come to the paulownia

That stands in the yard of my pavilion.

Why does the waning moon hover there,

Pretending to be indifferent?

When the Phoenix is back in the tree I know,

She hopes shewill make herself a friend to him.



Yi Weonik50)

With thousands of threads, could willows capture the fleeing breeze?

What could bees in love with flowers help, when they would fall?

Whatever my cause, nothing could be done for the one that would part.



Bak Inro51)

How lovely are the persimmons in the tray!

Would that I might take them in my arms, though not citrons.

But alas, there's none who'll be happy when I bring them home.



Kim Yuk52)

Call me when thy rice wine is well seasoned,

I will call thee when my garden is full of blossoms.

We'll discuss the affairs that will quench our worries for ever.


성운

전원에 봄이 오니 이 몸이 일이 하다.

꽃 남근 뉘 옮기며 약밭은 언제 갈리?

아해야 대 뷔어 오너라 삿갓 먼저 결으리라.



신흠

산촌에 눈이 오니 돌길이 묻혔에라.

시비柴扉를 여지 마라 날 찾을 이 뉘 있으리.

밤중만 일편명월이 긔 벗인가 하노라.



이명한

꿈에 다니는 길이 자최 곧 나량이면

임의 집 창 밖에 석로이라도 닳으련마는

꿈길이 자최 없으니 그를 슳어하노라.



김광욱

닻 드자 배 떠나가니 이제 가면 언제 오리.

만경창파萬頃蒼波에 가는 듯 다녀옴세.

밤중만 지국총 소리에 애끊는 듯하여라.


Seong Un53)

The spring for me in the rural land is a busy season,

What with transplanting the flowers, and tilling the herb fields.

My boy, let's strip bamboo and make a suncap, the first thing.



Sin Heum54)

Hidden are the village roads in the falling snow.

Why open the wicket? None will call.

The lonely moon in the sky is my only friend.



Yi Myeonghan55)

If the road in my dreams should leave my footprints behind,

The stone way by my lover's window would wear away.

How sorry I am the road in my dreams has no traces at all!56)



Kim Gwang-uk57)

The anchors up, the ship sets sail.

Now I leave, but when will I be back?

Return I will, as I am starting now,

Though high and rough the waves may dart.

At the sounds of wellaweys by night

I'll ever ache to see you.


김광욱

공명도 잊었노라 부귀도 잊었노라.

세상 번우煩憂한 일 다 주어 잊었노라.

내 몸을 내마자 잊으니 남이 아니 잊으랴.



김광욱

세細버들 가지 꺾어 낚은 고기 꿰어 들고

주가酒家를 찾으러 단교斷橋로 건너가니

왼 골에 행화杏花 져 쌓이니 갈 길 몰라 하노라.



박효관

공산에 우는 접동 너는 어이 우짖는다?

너도 나와 같이 무음 이별하였느냐?

아무리 피나게 운들 대답이나 하더냐?



미상

사랑이 어떻더니 두렷더냐 넓었더냐?

기더냐 자르더냐 발을려냐 자일러냐?

지멸이 긴 줄은 모르되 애궂을 만하더라.


Kim Gwang-uk

Fame have I forgotten, and luxury, too.

I have cast away all trifles, causes of trouble.

I've forgotten myself, still more others me.



Kim Gwang-uk

I cut a withe, and hang in a line on it fish I caught.

I cross the broken bridge in search of a wine house.58)

Oh, my! I'm lost in the heaps of fallen apricot blossoms.



Bak Hyoguan59)

Why keepest thou crying, oh, nightingale?

Hast thou sent thy love away, as I have?

But who will ever answer thy sanguine songs?



Anonymous

What was love? Was it round? Was it wide? Tell me.

Was it long or short enough to be measured underfoot?

I know not it's very long, but surely tantalizing.60)



미상

어리거든 채 어리거나 미치거든 채 미치거나

어린 듯 미친 듯 아는 듯 모르는 듯

이런가 저런가 하니 아무런 줄 몰래라.



미상

비는 온다마는 임은 어이 못 오는고?

물은 간다마는 나는 어이 못 가는고?

오거나 가거나 하면 이대도록 설우랴?



명옥

꿈에 뵈는 임이 신의 없다 하건마는

탐탐이 그리울 제 꿈 아니면 어이 보리?

저 임아 꿈이라 말고 자로자로 뵈시소.



송이

솔이 솔이라 하니 무슨 솔만 여기는다.

천심절벽에 낙락장송 내 긔로다.

길 아래 초동의 접낫이야 걸어볼 줄 있으랴.


Anonymous

If foolish, be a complete fool. If mad, go raging.

You are sometimes foolish, and oft mad.

I know not what you are, this or that.



Anonymous

Why my love won't come, when the rain is coming?

Why can't I go, when the water is free to go?

If we were free to come or go, why this sad?61)



Myeongok62)

The love you see in a dream, they say, is a faithless one.

But how could I see him without a dream, when I pine for him?

Oh, my love, I would see you oftener even in dreams.



Song­i63)

Though they call me Pine, I am not a prosaic pine,

But I am the pine of state that stands on the precipice steep.

No puny shepherd's sickle will ever wrangle with me.


매화

매화 옛등걸에 봄철이 돌아오니

옛 피던 가지에 피엄즉도 하다마는

춘설春雪이 남분분亂紛紛하니 필동말동하여라.



천금

산촌에 밤이 오니 먼 데 개 짖어 운다.

시비를 열고 보니 하늘이 차고 달이로다.

저 개야 공산 잠든 달을 짖어 무삼하리오.



미상

산중에 책력 없어 절節 가는 줄 모르노라.

꽃피면 봄이요 잎지면 가을이라.

아해들 헌 옷 찾으면 겨울인가 하노라.



미상

물 아래 그림자 지니 다리 우에 중이 간다.

저 중아 게 있거라 너 가는 데 물어보자.

막대로 흰 구름 가라치고 돌아 아니 보고 가노매라.


Maehwa64)

The spring is back on the ancient trunk of the plum.

The blossoms are likely to shoot on the boughs they used to,

But the flying snow flakes bewilder them as to when to bloom.



Cheongeum65)

At nightfall the dogs in a remote village baying,

I open the wicket; in the cold sky, what a moon!

Oh, dogs, why bark at the moon that is calmly asleep?



Anonymous

There's no calendar in my home on the mountain;

I am not aware of the changes of seasons.

When a flower blooms, I know it's spring;

When the leaves fall, I know it's autumn.

When children are in need of used clothes,

I surmise the wintertide is at hand.



Anonymous

A monk on the bridge is reflected in the water.

I say, “Stop there, and tell me where you are going.”

He turns not back, but points to the cloud with his cane.


미상

말하기 좋다 하고 남의 말을 말을 것이

남의 말 내 하면 남도 내 말 하는 것이

말로서 말이 많으니 말말음이 좋에라.



미상

말 타고 꽃밭에 드니 말굽에서 향내난다.

주천당酒泉堂 돌아드니 아니 먹은 술내 난다.

어떻다 눈정에 걸은 임은 헛말 먼저 나느니.



미상

건너서는 손을 치고 집에서는 들라 하네.

문 닫고 드자 하랴 손 치는 데를 가자 하랴

이 몸이 두 몸 되어 여기저기 하리라.



미상

설월雪月이 만창滿窓한데 바람아 부지 마라.

예리성曳履聲 아닌 줄을 판연判然히 알건마는

그립고 아쉬운 적이면 행여 긘가 하노라.



Anonymous

Gossiping is fun, but hold your lips.

If you talk of others, of you they will.

Restrain yourself: one gossip brings about still others.



Anonymous

Riding horseback into the flower garden,

I feel its perfume hanging about the hoofs.

As soon as I come round the liquor storage,

I feel I smell of alcohol I haven't drunk.

No sooner had I caught sight of my beloved one,

I hardly begin to pine to see my love

Before the rumor runs apace of my thirst!



Anonymous

Claps from the opposite door, and clamors from home.

Close my door? Obey the beckoning?

With two bodies, I could come here and go there at once.



Anonymous

You winds, do not croon when the window's filled with the moon.

I know it's not the sounds of the slippers, though;

At times when I sorely miss you, I take them as such.


제2편 연시조

Part II Sijo Sequences



강호 사시가江湖 四時歌


맹사성



강호江湖에 봄이 드니 미친 흥이 절로 난다

탁교계변濁橋溪邊에 금린어錦鱗魚 안주로다

이몸이 한가하옴도 역군은亦君恩이샷다



강호에 여름이 드니 초당草堂에 일이 없다.

유신有信한 강파江波는 보내느니 바람이다.

이몸이 서늘하옴도 역군은이샷다.



강호에 가을이 드니 고기마다 살져 있다.

소정小艇에 그물 실어 흘리 띄워 던져 두고

이몸이 소일消日하옴도 역군은이샷다.



강호에 겨울이 드니 눈깊이 자이 남다

삿갓 빗기 쓰고 누역으로 옷을 삼아

이 몸이 춥지 아니하옴도 역군은이샷다

Song of Four Seasons

Maeng Saseong66)



The spring in the countryside gives me lunatic pleasures.

What a snack is golden fish to the liquor I drink at the brook!

I owe this idle leisure also to royal grace.



Nothing calls for a hand in my lakeside hut in summer,

But the faithful ripples never fail to send me cool winds.

I owe this chilly air also to royal grace.



The fall in the countryside abounds with fleshy fish.

I throw the nets in the river I brought in my boat.

I owe this leisurely day also to royal grace.



The winter has brought the snow more than a foot deep.

I feel no cold, clad in a cap of reed and a coat of straw.

I owe this warmth also to royal grace.




고산구곡담高山九谷潭

이이


고산구곡담(高山九曲潭)을 사람이 모르더니

주모복거誅茅卜居하니 벗님네 다 오신다.

어즈버 무이武夷를 상상하고 학주자學朱子를 하리라.



일곡은 어디메고 관암冠巖에 해 비친다.

평무平蕪에 내 걸으니 원근이 그림이로다

송간松間에 녹준綠罇을 놓고 벗 오는 양 보노라



이곡은 어디메고 화암花巖에 춘만春晩커다

벽파碧波에 꽃을 띄워 야외野外에 보내노라

사람이 승지勝地를 모르니 알게 한들 어떠리



삼곡은 어디메고 취병翠屛에 잎 퍼졌다

녹수에 산조山鳥는 하상기음下上其音하는 적에

반송盤松이 바람을 받으니 여름 경景이 없에라



사곡은 어디메고 송애松崖에 해 넘거다

담심암영潭心暗影은 온갖 빛이 잠겼에라

임천林泉이 깊도록 좋으니 흥을 겨워하노라

Songs Composed

On the Nine Beautiful Sights in a Mountain

Yi Yi67)


No one had known the nine beautiful sights on the mountain,68)

Till I mowed and built a cottage, where thronged my friends.

Oh, truly Mooi69) reminds me to learn Zhu Zi!70)



The first is the hat-like Rock on which the sun shines.

I stroll the grassy plain; all things around are pictures.

I wait for my friends with a cask of wine among the pines.



The second is flowery rocks when the spring declines.

I send out the flowers on the blue ripples to people:

I want them to know there are really sights to see.



The third is the screens of rocks where green leaves flourish.

Sweet tunes of mountain birds and green waters are heard;

The winds through crouching pines! no summer is the summer.



The fourth is the crags of pine where the sun overhangs.

In the deep of the pools are reflected varied hues

The deeper the forests and springs, the happier the hermit.


오곡이 어디메고 은병銀屛이 보기 좋이

수변정사水邊精舍는 소쇄瀟灑함도 가이 없다

이 중에 강학講學도 하려니와 영월음풍詠月吟風하오리라



육곡은 어디메고 조협釣峽에 물이 넓다

나와 고기와 뉘야 더욱 즐기는고

황혼에 낙대를 메고 대월귀帶月歸를 하노라



칠곡은 어디메고 풍암楓巖에 추색이 좋다

청상淸霜이 엷게 치니 절벽이 금수이로다

한암寒巖에 혼자 앉아서 집을 잊고 있노라



팔곡이 어디메고 금탄琴灘에 달이 밝다

옥진금휘玉軫金徽로 수삼곡數三曲을 놀은마리

고조古調를 알 이 없으니 혼자 즐겨하노라



구곡이 어디메고 문산文山에 세모歲暮커다

기암괴석奇巖怪石이 눈 속에 묻혔에라

유인遊人은 오지 아니하고 볼 것 없다 하더라


The fifth is the silvery screen71) that stands in splendor.

The small cottage by the lake is calm and refreshing.

There will I read and sing of the moon and the wind.



The sixth is the fishing valley where the water is wide.

Which do you guess is the happier, I or the fish?

I return in the evening with the moon in company.



The seventh is maples and rocks where autumn's reflected

They are clad with silken cloth of thin clear frost.

Sitting on a cold crag I forget where my house is.



The eighth is the Geumtan72) when the moon is bright.

Though several notes I play on the geomungo,73)

There's none that knows the old airs; I enjoy them alone.



The ninth is Munsan74), towards the close of the year.

Fantastic rocks and stones are hid in the snow!

The tourists won't come, but complain there's nothing to see.

오우가五友歌

윤선도


내 벗이 몇이나 하니 수석과 송죽이라

동산에 달 오르니 긔 더욱 반갑고야

두어라 이 다섯밖에 또 더하여 무엇하랴


구름 빛이 좋다 하나 검기를 자로 한다.

바람 소리 맑다 하나 그칠 적이 하노매라.

좋고도 그칠 뉘 없기는 물뿐인가 하노라.


꽃은 무슨 일로 피면서 쉬이 지고

풀은 어이하여 푸르는 듯 누르나니,

아마도 변치 아닐산 바위뿐인가 하노라.


더우면 꽃피고 추우면 잎 지거늘

솔아 너는 어찌 눈서리를 모르는다.

구천에 뿌리 곧은 줄을 글로 하여 아노라.


나무도 아닌 것이 풀도 아닌 것이

곧기는 뉘 시기며 속은 어이 비었는다.

저렇고 사시 푸르니 그를 좋아하노라.


작은 것이 높이 떠서 만물을 다 비치니

밤중에 광명이 너만한 이 또 있느냐.

보고도 말 아니 하니 내 벗인가 하노라.

Five Friends of Mine

Yun Seondo75)


Dear friends of mine are water, stone, bamboo,

And pine. The moon is dearer to me, when she sits

On the eastern hill. Why add more to these?


Clouds are fair they say, but too often dark.

Winds are tuneful they say, but too often quiet.

Ever fair and on the move are only waters.


Why does the flower fall so soon and fast?

Why does grass grow so quickly brown?

Perhaps what remains unchanged is only the rock.


Flowers bloom when it's warm, and fall when cold.

How, oh, pine, do you stand the frost and snow?

It shows your roots reach straight to the Styx.76)


Though you are not a tree, and neither grass,

How come you stand upright, when hollow inside?

And you are ever green through the year: I love you.


Rising high, though small, you illumine all things.

Is there any as bright as you in the night?

My true friend you are: seeing all, you keep dumb.

산중신곡山中新曲

윤선도


만흥漫興 1

산수간 바위 아래 띳집을 짓노라 하니

모르는 남들은 웃는다 한다마는

어리고 향암鄕闇의 뜻에는 내 분인가 하노라.


만흥漫興 2

보리밥 풋나물을 알맞춰 먹은 후에

바위 끝 물가에 싫도록 노니노라

이밖에 다른 일이야 부러울 것 없노라.


만흥漫興 3

잔 들고 혼자 앉아 먼 뫼를 바라보니

그리던 임이 온들 반가움이 이러하랴.

말씀도 웃음도 아니어도 못내 좋아하노라.


만흥漫興 4

그 누가 삼공三公도곤 낫다 하더니 만승萬乘이 이만하랴.

이제사 헤어보니 소부 허유 약았더라.

아마도 임천林泉 한흥閒興을 비길 곳이 없어라.


New Songs in the Mountains

Yun Seondo


Happiness 1

I said I'd build a hut below a rock 'tween the waters.

Those who knew not my real intention laughed at me,

But it is to me, a stupid bumpkin, Heaven's will. 


Happiness 2

Modestly filled with barley crude and herbage green,

I idle on the edge of the boulders by the lake.

I have no other thing to envy than this in the world.


Happiness 3

With a glass in my hand, I glance alone at distant hills;

I couldn't be happier if my love I miss showed up.

They neither speak nor smile, but to me they're ecstasies.


Happiness 4

Some said he was better than a premier. But I envy not an emperor.

Now it seems Chao Fu and Xu You77) were sophisticated.

Perhaps nothing else could compare with the pleasure in the woods.


만흥漫興 5

내 성이 게으름을 하늘이 알으실사

인간 만사를 한 일도 안 맡기고

다만당 도토리 없는 강산을 지키라 하시도다.


만흥漫興 6

강산江山이 좋다 한들 내 분으로 누웠느냐.

임금 은혜를 이제 더욱 아나이다.

아무리 갚고자 하여도 하올 일이 없어라.



Happiness 5

God in heaven knows I am a sluggard by nature:

He has never assigned me to fulfill any human task,

But ordered me only to guard the hills barren of nuts.


Happiness 6

It is not my lot that I lie in blessed nature's breasts!

Oh, how boundless it is, the grace of the king on me!

Anxious I am to repay his favor, but know not how.


훈민가

정철


아버님 날 낳으시고 어머님 날 기르시니

두 분 곧 아니시면 이 몸이 살았을까.

하늘같은 가없은 은덕을 어찌 다 갚사오리.


임금과 백성과 사이 하늘과 땅이로되

나의 설은 일을 다 알려 하시거든

우린들 살찐 미나리를 혼자 어찌 먹으리.


형아 아우야 네 살을 만져봐라.

뉘게서 타고났기 모양조차 같으신가.

한 젖 먹고 자라나서 딴마음을 먹지 마라.


어버이 살으신 제 섬기기 다하여라.

지나간 후면 애닯다 어이 하리.

평생에 고쳐 못할 일 이뿐인가 하노라.


한 몸 둘에 나눠 부부를 삼으시니

있은 제 함께 늙고 죽으면 한 데 간다.

어디서 망령의 것이 눈흘기려 하느뇨.



Instructions to the People

Jeong Cheol78)


Father engenders and mother brings me up:

But for the two how could I come to being?

What shall I do to repay for their boundless love?


The sovereign is the heaven, while people the earth.

But he's willing to listen to every grievance of mine!

Why should we hog good bread for ourselves?


Brothers older and younger, feel your skin.

You resemble each other, for born of the same parents.

Never forsake the other: you sucked at one breast.


Serve your parents with all your heart while they live.

You can't regret too much when they've passed away.

This is the only thing you can't mend all your life.


A body parted in two again makes a couple,

Who ages together in life, and is buried in one place

When dead. It's vile to scowl against the match.


아녀자 가는 길을 사나이 돌아가듯, 

사나이 지나는 길 여자가 피해가듯, 

제 남편 제 아내 아니어든 이름 묻지 말아라.


네 아들 효경 읽더니 얼마나 배웠느냐. 

내 아들 소학은 모레면 마치리라. 

어느 때 이 두 글 배워 어진 이 된 것 보려뇨.


마을 사람들아 옳은 일 하자스라.

사람으로 되어 나서 옳지를 못하면  

마소를 갓 고깔 씌워 밥 먹이나 다르랴.


팔목 쥐시거든 두 손으로 받치리라.

나갈 데 계시거든 막대 들고 좇으리라.

향음주鄕飮酒 다 파罷한 후에 모셔가려 하노라.


남으로 생긴 중에 벗같이 유신하랴.

나의 왼 일을 다 이로려 하노매라.

이 몸이 벗님 곧 아니면 사람됨이 쉬울까.


어와 저 조카야, 밥 없이 어찌할꼬. 

어와 저 아재야, 옷 없이 어찌할꼬. 

궂은 일 다 일러다오 돌보고자 하노라.


As a man will turn away when a woman nears him,

As a woman will turn away when a man comes along,

So don't ask the name of the one who's not your spouse.


How much has your son read of the Filial Pieties?79)

My son in two days will finish the Basic Learning.80)

When shall I see him wise from both these books?


My loving villagers, let's do what is right.

Unless you act and speak rightly as a man,

You had better crown the beasts and feed them on rice.


When he wants my arm, I will help him with both hands.

When he goes out, I will follow him with a staff

To bring him home when the Bacchic feast is over.


Of those not born of the same parents, a friend

Is most loyal. He would counsel for all your doings:

Without him you would never make a man.


Oh, my nephew, what if you run out of rice?

Oh, my uncle, what if without your clothes?

Of all your troubles tell me, I'll give you help.81)


네 집 상사들은 어느 만큼 차리는고.

네 딸 서방은 언제나 맞을 건고.

나 역시 가난하다만 돌보고자 하노라.


오늘도 다 새었다 호미 메고 가자스라.

내 논 다 매어든 네 논 좀 매어 주마.

오는 길에 뽕 따다가 누에 먹여 보자스라.


비록 못 입어도 남의 옷을 뺏지 마라.

비록 못 먹어도 남의 밥을 빌지 마라.

한 번 때 묻은 후면 고쳐 씻기 어려우리.


내기 장기 하지 마라 송사 글을 쓰지 마라.

집 망해 무엇하며 남의 원수 되리, 어찌.

나라가 법을 세워 죄 있는 것 모를까.


이고 진 저 늙은 이 짐 벗어 나를 주오.

나는 젊었거니 돌인들 무거우랴.

늙기도 설워라커든 짐을 조차 지실가.



How have you arranged for your mourning rites?

When will you find a husband for your daughter?

Money have I none, but I am willing to help.


The day has broken. Let's go out with a hoe. I'll help

With your fields when I've done with mine. Coming back,

We'll pick some mulberry leaves to feed the silkworms.


Rob not others of clothes though you be bare.

Beg not others for rice though you be hungry.

Once besmeared, you will not be clean again.


Don't bet on dice and chess; don't enter a lawsuit.

These will ruin your home and make foes.

The state has laws for you to avoid those crimes.


Old man there, unburden on me the weight on your back.

Being young, I don't feel a big stone too heavy.

Why toil, when age itself is sorrowful burden?


도산육곡지일陶山六曲之一


이황

이런들 어떠하며 저런들 어떠하료

초야우생草野愚生이 어렇다 어떠하료

하물며 천석고황泉石膏肓을 고쳐 무삼하리오.


연하煙霞로 집을 삼고 풍월風月로 벗을 삼아

태평성대太平聖代에 병으로 늙어가네.

이 중에 바라는 일은 허물이나 없고져.


순풍淳風이 죽다 하니 진실로 거짓말이.

인성이 어질다 하니 진실로 옳은 말이.

천하에 허다許多 영재英才들 속여 말씀하올까.


유란幽蘭이 재곡在谷하니 자연自然이 듣기 좋고

백운白雲이 재산在山하니 자연自然이 보기 좋다.

이 중에 피미일인彼美一人을 더욱 잊지 못하네.


산전山前에 유대有臺하고 대하臺下에 유수流水로다.

떼 많은 갈매기는 오락가락하건마는

어떻다 교교백구皎皎白駒는 멀리 마음하는고.


춘풍春風에 화만산花滿山하고 추야秋夜에 월만대月滿臺라.

사시四時 가흥佳興이 사람과 한가지라,

하물며 어약연비魚躍鳶飛 운영천광雲影天光이야 어느 끝이 있을꼬.

Six Songs Composed at Dosan82) I

Yi Hwang83)


What if you were this? What if you were that?

What if I were such a foolish man of the countryside?

Why should I heal my heart of the desperate love of nature?


The misty cloud is my house, the moon and wind my friends.

In these days of peace, I grow old with maladies.

But to go without a blemish, that is my only wish.


Good manners and customs are dead, that is really a lie.

Man is good by nature, that is really a truth.

Why those learned men of the world should tell me lies?


Wild orchids grow in the valleys; that is natural to hear.

White clouds are straying o'er the hills; that is good to see.

I wish the Beautiful One84) were here to enjoy them with me!


A pavilion stands in the mountain, a streamlet running below.

When overhead a host of sea gulls are hovering to and fro,

Why does my pony have a far-off clime on its mind?

Why is my white pony's mind at a far-off clime?


The spring flowers abound in the hills; the autumn moonlights

Fill in the landscape. The joys of the seasons vary, as men do;

Still more fishes' jumps, hawks' flights, and clouds' colors.

도산육곡지이陶山六曲之二

이황


고인도 날 못 보고 나도 고인 못 뵈오네

고인을 못 뵈어도 예던 길 앞에 있네

예던 길 앞에 있거늘 아니 예고 어이리.


뇌정雷霆이 파산破山하여도 농자聾者는 못 듣나니

백일白日이 중천中天하여도 고자瞽者는 못 보나니

우리는 이목총명耳目聰明남자로 농고聾瞽 같지 말으리.


당시에 녀든 길을 몇 해를 버려 두고

어디 가 다니다가 이제사 돌아온고

이제야 돌아오느니 딴 마음 품지 마소.


우부愚夫도 알려 하거니 긔 아니 쉬운가

성인聖人도 다 못다 하시니 긔 아니 어려운가

쉽거나 어렵거나 중에 늙는 줄을 몰라라.


천운대天雲臺 돌아들어 완락제玩樂齊 소쇄瀟灑한데

만권萬卷 생애生涯로 낙사樂事 무궁無窮 하여라.

이 중에 왕래往來 풍류風流를 일러 무삼할꼬.


청산은 어찌하여 만고萬古에 푸르르며

유수流水는 어찌하여 주야에 긋지 아니는고.

우리도 그치지 말아 만고상청萬古常靑하리라.

Six Songs Composed at Dosan II

Yi Hwang


The ancient people didn't see me, neither do I see them.

Yet I am following in their footsteps, though they are gone.

As I am following in their footsteps, I can't but do as they did.


The deaf don't hear the thunderbolt crash down the mountains.

The blind don't see the sun sitting at its pinnacle.

We should be quicker of hearing and seeing than they.


You have deserted the way you were accustomed to walk.

Where have you been strolling so many years so far?

Now that you are back again, please don't change your mind.


What a fool attempts to know is quite an easy thing;

What a sage is unable to do is quite a difficult thing.

Whether easy or hard, we know not we're growing old.


Next to Cheonwundae85) is Wallakjae86) clean and tidy.

There I rejoice in reading tens of thousands of books.

And strolling here and there at times is no less plesure.


Why are the hills and mountains ever green?

Why are the waters ever on the run?

We, too, will always run and be ever green.


제3편 한시

Part Ⅲ Hansi


감로사에서

김부식

속세 사람 찾지 않는 깊은 산 속을

오르는 기분 상쾌하구나.

산 모습 단풍 색이 더없이 좋은데,

밤 되면 물빛은 더욱 밝으리.

백조는 높이 날아 보이지 않고,

돛단배는 아스라이 사라져 가네.

달팽이 뿔 위에서 부끄럽게도87)

이름을 얻으려고 허덕인 반평생.


甘露寺次韻

金富軾

俗世不到處 登臨意思淸

山形色更好 江色夜猶明

白鳥高飛盡 孤帆獨去輕

自慚蝸角上 半世覓功名



절귀

최충

뜰에 가득 달빛은 내 없는 촛불,

앉아 보는 산빛이 나를 붙들어.

솔바람 거문고는 악보 없는 가락,

내 맘속에 아껴두고 남께 아니 전하리라.


絶句

崔冲

滿廷月色無煙燭 人座山光不速賓

更有松弦彈譜外 只心珍重未傳人

A Rhyme at Gamro Temple88)

Kim Busik89)

I climb the mountain no secular visits.

How pleased I am to be up alone at this height!

The autumnal figure of the hill so wond'rous sits;

The river is distinctive even in the night.

In the boundless sky are the swans soaring

And the sailing boats their course lightly glide

Life is at most the point of a needle boring;

In vain for a name half my life I tried.



A Poem in Heptameter

Choe Chung90)

The beaming moon is a smokeless candlelight my garden fills.

How could I, a traveler, haste my way from the beautiful hills?

The tuneful winds from the pine wood are scoreless songs on the gomungo91).

I will spare these only for myself: why should I tell people to know?

안빈낙도

이자현

내 집은 깊은 산에 숨어 있지만

내게는 물려받은 거문고 있어.

마음껏 한 곡조 뜯으려 해도

그 곡조 아는 이 몇이 있을까.


樂道吟

李資玄

家在碧山芩 從來有寶琴

不妨彈一曲 祇是小知音



대동강

정지상

비 그친 긴 둑에 파릇파릇 풀잎들.

님 가시는 남포에는 이별노래 구성지다.

대동강 언제나 마를 새 있나,

해마다 이별 눈물로 물만 불어 오르네.



大洞江

鄭知常

雨歇長堤草色多 送君南浦動悲歌

大洞江水何時盡 別淚年年添綠波

A Pleasure of the Rustic Life

Yi Jahyeon92)

My house is in the green mountain, though

I am bequeathed an ancient geomungo.93)

At times I'm inclined to play it undismayed,

But none would appreciate the note, I am afraid.



The Daedong River

Jeong Jisang94)

The grass is green on the bank where the rain cleared up.

I sing a sad song and send off my love at Nampo.95)

How long will it take the Daedong96) to dry up,

Her green waters rising ever with parting tears?

금양현에 묵으며

고조기

새들이 지저귀면 숲 속에는 새벽 들고,

바람소리 놀라서 잠을 깨는 나그네.

처마 끝에 살짝 내민 달님의 얼굴 보니,

이 넓은 하늘 아래 나 홀로 외로워라.

돌아갈 나의 길은 낙엽에 묻혀 있고

얼어붙은 나뭇가지 서린 밤안개.

강동으로 돌아갈 날 아직도 아득한데

강마을엔 어느새 가을이 저물었네.


宿金壤縣

高兆基

鳥語霜林曉 風驚客榻眠

簷殘半窺月 人在一涯天

落葉埋歸路 寒枝罥宿煙

江東行未盡 秋盡水川邊



진주 산수화

정여령

푸른 산은 점점이 벽호 베고 누웠어라.

진양의 산수화 이 말고 또 있으랴.

물가에 하나 둘 초가집 옹기종기.

그 중에 나의 집도 그려 있지 않을까.


晉州山水圖

鄭與齡

數點靑山枕碧湖 公言此是晉陽圖

水邊草屋知多少 中有吾廬畵也無

A Night at Keumyangheon97)

Go Jogi98)

When twittering birds awaken the frosty forest,

The traveler opens his eyes surprised by the wind,

And sees the new moon through the cracked eaves;

Oh, how far away from home, all alone!

The way back is buried in the fallen leaves;

The boughs are hanging cold in the evening smoke.

A long way has he to go, as far as Gangdong,99)

When the autumn's parting from the riverside.



A Landscape of Jinju100)

Jeong Yeoryeong

Here and there the hills rest their heads on the lakes as pillows.

This assuredly I declare is the picture of Jinyang's land.101)

At the side of the lake the thatched houses stand;

If mine is in the landscape no one ever knows.

진도 벽파정

채보문

그림인 듯 아련히 벽파 위에 솟은 난간

좁다란 길목엔 누른 갈대 푸른 대.

산비탈 가는 버들 팽택령이 심었는가

복사꽃 이제 보니 무릉이 따로 없다.

봉래산은 아물아물 안개 속에 묻혀 있고,

해와 달은 파도 사이 들고 나는데

나의 말 머리 밑에 금귤 나무 고개 숙여,

이 고장은 그대를 헐벗게 않으리라.


珍島碧波亭

蔡寶文

畵欄飛出碧波濱 夾道黃藘與綠筠

柳安緬思彭澤令 桃村時見武陵人

蔽虧煙際蓬萊朶 出沒波間日月輪

金橘數枝低馬首 未應全道使君貧



소상강의 밤비

이인로

창파에 실려온 가을 양 편 둑에 부어 있고

가랑비 바람 맞아 뱃전에 흩뿌린다.

이슥한 밤 강변 대 숲 배를 매고 묵으려니

사각사각 댓잎 소리 슬픔만 안겨주네


瀟湘夜雨

李仁老

一帶蒼波兩岸秋 風吹細雨灑歸舟

夜來泊近江邊竹 葉葉寒聲摠示愁

Byeokpa Pavilion in the Isle of Jindo102)

Chae Bomun

The beautiful rails extending out o'er the dancing surfs;

The lanes are o'ergrown with green bamboos and yellow reeds.

I suspect the green willows were planted by Peng Ze Ling;103)

The peach blossoms in their prime delude me I'm at Wu Ling.104)

The clouded Peng Lai Shan105) is seen at the verge of the misty field;

The sun and the moon emerge in a cycle between the waves.

My horse is hindered by golden boughs of oranges;

This district will never let you live in poverty.



The Nightly Rain on the Xiao Xiang Rivers106)

Yi Inro107)

The autumn carried on the ripples is poured to the river's sides;

The drizzling raindrops sprinkle the homeward boat in the wind.

I come to stop my boat by a bush of bamboos for the night,

When frigid sounds of their leaves sharpen my solitude.

강 위에 뜬 달

이규보

벼슬하면 한가로이 피리만 부는 것가.

왕골자리 돛단배 바람을 가르누나.

하늘의 둥근 달은 주인 따로 없는데

혼자서 배에 싣고 돌아가려 하는가


江上月夜望主客

李奎報

官人閒念笛橫吹 蒲席凌風去似飛

天上月輪天下共 自疑私載一船歸



춘흥

진화

수양버들 가지처럼 떨어지는 매화 꽃잎.

한적한 길 맑은 바람 한가로이 거닐으니

어점은 문을 닫아 인기척도 드문데

강 위에 뿌리는 봄비 줄기줄기 푸르다.


春興

陳澕

小梅零落柳似垂 閒路淸風步步遲

漁店閉門人語少 一江春雨碧絲絲

The Moon over the River

Yi Kyubo108)

Are the officials free to do nothing but pipe their flutes?

A sailboat there shoots away in the wind like a dart.

The moon in the sky, I know, belongs to every heart;

How dare they run away with stolen lights on board?



Spring Fever

Jin Hwa

Among the petals of the plum that fall like suspending willows,

Idly I walk enjoying the breeze along the lonely road.

The fishmonger's door is closed, and few are heard to talk or chatter;

Every thread of the spring rain that falls on the river is green.

부벽루

이혼

영명사에 다다르니 중은 눈에 띄지 않고

절 앞에 강물만 잔잔히 흐르누나.

하늘에는 둥근 달 뜰에는 웅장한 탑

인적은 없는데 나루에는 외로운 배

장천에 나는 새야 어드메로 가려느냐

넓은 들에 동풍은 쉴새없이 부는고야

지난 일은 하찮아서 물어본들 무엇하리

짙은 안개 지는 해에 내 마음 섧고야


浮碧樓

李混

永明寺中僧不見 永明寺前江自流  月空巨塔立庭際 人斷小舟橫渡頭

長天去鳥欲何向 大野東風吹不休  往事微凉問無處 淡烟斜日使人愁



수사루의 밤

노여

가벼운 옷 작은 모자 깊은 골 찾아오니

십 년 세월 난초밭109) 예와 다름 없고야.

벽에 걸린 옛 시는 그대로 무거운데

절 이름은 천고에 물과 함께 흐르리.

산마루 추위에 승은 방문 걸어 닫아

찬 개울물 소리 밟고 객은 누각 오른다.

휘파람 불며불며 해거름에 거닐다가

난간에서 머리 드니 고향 생각 아득고나.


順興宿水寺樓

魯璵

輕裝短帽一尋幽 蘭院依然十載遊  壁價幾年詩共重 寺名千古水同流

寒堆岳色僧扃戶 冷踏溪聲客上樓  長嘯徘徊日云暮 倚欄回首起鄕愁

At Bubyeok Pavilion110)

Yi Hon111)

No monks are seen in the quiet Yeongmyeongsa,112)

Where the stream is rippling down in front;

There stands a tower in the moon-lit yard,

And lies a boat at the ferry, when none is about.

Where are you going, you, birds, aloft in the skies,

When in the vast fields the wind is blowing hard?

A thing past is mere nothing; why ask of it?

The setting sun in dim smoke summons my sorrow.



A Night at Susaru

Noyeo

In a small hat and light clothing I come a long way;

The orchid garden remains as it was a decade ago.

The wall is honored to bear the poem of that day!

The temple‘s name will last as long as the rivers flow.

The monk has closed the door against the cold hill;

I climb the bower, hearing the stream at my feet.

And, strolling, chant long poems in the dusk and chill;

I lean on the rails, and turn back my homesick head.

월영대

채홍철

글월을 익히기 갈수록 힘에 겨워

대에 오른 최후가 홀연히 생각난다.

황학은 떠나가도 풍월은 예 있으니

안개 낀 강물 위로 백구가 날아드네.

비 갠 뒤에 산 그림자 난간에 짙어오고,

봄을 지난 송화 가루 술잔에 날아든다.

거문고에 취하여 진흙땅을 멀리하니

반갑게도 비구름이 돌아서서 오는구나.


月影臺

蔡洪哲

文章習氣轉崔嵬 忽憶崔侯一上臺

風月不隨黃鶴去 烟波長送白鷗來

雨晴山色濃低檻 春盡松花亂入盃

更有琴心隔塵土 也時好與雨雲廻



식영암 노승에게 부침

이암

정승이란 그 이름은 부세의 허명이라

오롯이 한가한 맛은 작은 방의 산승 차지

방안에 앉았어도 풍류는 있기 마련

한 송이 매화 피어 불등을 밝혀주네


寄息影庵禪老

李嵒

浮世虛名是政丞 小窓閒味卽山僧

個中亦有風流處 一朶梅花照佛燈

The Plateau of Wolyeong113)

Chae Hongcheol114)

Poems becoming ever so difficult to learn to write,

Suddenly I come to remember Choe Hu115) who climbed this plateau.

Though the yellow cranes have departed,116) nature remains as it was;

I see the white gulls getting together to the misty waters.

The mountains swarm to shadow the rails, after the rain has cleared;

The pine pollens fly into my goblet, as the spring is gone.

Now that I have avoided those muddy spots for the geomungo,

The rains and clouds, my lovely friends, are back again!



To the Old Monk Sigyeong-am117)

Yi Am118)

How vain a glory it is, to be a 'Minister'!

A monk within small windows enjoys more indolence.

Confined in the room, he owns a life of elegance,

As blossoms of the plum illumine Buddha's lamps.

벼슬을 던지고 고향으로

신숙

낮에는 밭을 갈아 해를 보내고

약초를 캐다 보니 청춘이 갔네

산과 물 있는 곳에 내가 있으니

영화는 없지만은 욕됨도 없네


棄官歸鄕

申淑

耕田消白日 採藥過靑春

有山有水處 無榮無辱身



강가에서

백원항

나중 온 조수가 떠나는 배 재촉하니

강가에 말 세우고 혼자서 냉소하네

갯가의 세상 인정 언제쯤 끝나려나

앞 사람 건너기 전에 또 한 사람 뒤에 오네


祖江

白元恒

小舟當發晩潮催 駐馬臨江獨冷咍

岸上世情何日了 前人未渡後人來

Going Back Home

Sin Suk119)

I pass my days as I work on the farm;

My young days are gone while I gathered herbs.

Since I am placed here in mountains and waters,

I am free from either glory or shame.



At the River

Baek Weonhang120)

When the boat is leaving, it is urged by the after-tide.

Halting my horse at the bank, I myself deride.

When will those affairs on the bank come to an end?

Before the first one has crossed, there comes another friend.

배꽃이 질 때

김구

춤추며 날고 날아 가는 듯 다시 오니

거꾸로 날아 올라 가지 위에 앉으려나

꽃잎 하나 무단히 거미줄에 붙으면

거미가 얼씨구나 나비인 줄 잡으려네


落梨花

金坵

飛舞翩翩去却回 倒吹還欲上枝開

無端一片粘絲網 時見蜘蛛捕蝶來



붉게 물든 나무

이장용

간밤에 첫 낙엽이 내 가슴을 놀래더니

온 수풀 서리 맞아 갑자기 변했구나.

궁전에 푸른 기운 가득히 서리더니

깜짝 사이 여저기에 성성한 백발.

눈 떠보니 뜨락에는 쓸쓸한 가을

먼 산에는 느닷없이 석양이 밝아.

작년 오늘 제비들이 가던 그 길사

병풍 친 곳 가듯이 적어 뒀겠지.


紅樹

李藏用

一葉初驚落夜聲 千林忽變向霜晴

最憐照殿靑嵐影 不覺催生白髮莖

廢苑瞞盰秋思苦 遙山唐突夕陽明

去年今日燕燕路 記得屛風張裏行

The Falling Petals of the Pear Blossoms

Kim Gu121)

The petals wave in the air in a swinging dance,

Each one desiring to perch back on the branch.

When any is in the cobweb caught, the spider

Comes down on it, taking it for a butterfly.



The Red Trees

Yi Jangyong122)

Last night frightened me with the sound of a falling leaf;

The frost has shifted the color of all the trees on the hill.

Oh, where are the green shades that tinted the royal palace?

Gray hair has, meanwhile, sprouted on my head unnoticed!

I gaze at the deserted autumn garden, full of gloom,

When the sun is sinking bright o'er the far-off mountains.

The swallows will fly their way as if in a screen:123)

They put marks on it when they flew this day last year.

야연

권부

이슬 같은 은하수 동그란 달의 얼굴.

금잔에 넘치는 술에 물러가는 추위.

잔 들고 노래하는 아름다운 사람.

꽃 같이 밝은 촛불 밤 가는 줄 몰라라


夜宴

權溥

露色銀河月色團 酒盈金盞却天寒

紫泉一曲人如玉 紅燭花殘夜未闌



자식들에게 이름

조인규

임금 섬김에 충성을 다하고 만가지 일에는 정성을 쏟아라.

잠들 때까지 부지런하다면  너희에게 욕된 일은 없으리라.


示諸子

趙仁規

事君當盡忠 遇物當至誠

願言勤宿夜 無忝爾所生

The Feast in the Night

Kweon Bu

The Milky Way twinkles as drops of dew;

The moon beams broad in the cold, cold sky;

Wine that overflows the golden glasses

Repels the chilly air from the feast of the night.

Let us raise our glasses, and sing a song.

My beautiful ladies, play music on!

The saffron light of the burning candle

Is a flower that blocks the darkness out!



Advice to my Sons

Jo Inkyu124)

Loyalty to your King,

Devotion in everything,

Unending toil till night,

And no disgrace will bite.

백화헌

이조년

재미 삼아 이 꽃 저 꽃 마구 심지 말아라

백의 수를 채워도 넘어서진 말아야지

눈 오면 매화꽃 서리 내려 국화꽃

이 밖에 자색 홍색 모두가 헛일이다


百花軒

李兆年

爲報栽花更莫加 數盈於百不須過

雪梅霜菊情標外 浪紫浮紅也謾多



시골에 가리라

이성

약초 더미 맑은 바람 내 늙는 줄 모르리라.

대밭 개울 밝은 달이 나를 꾀기에

어젯밤에 시골 가기 계획을 세웠으니

눈 녹으면 말을 타고 강남으로 가리라.


歸田詠

李晟

藥砌淸風欺我老 竹溪明月誘吾情

昨宵己決歸田計 雪盡江南匹馬行


The Garden of a Hundred Flowers

Yi Jonyeon125)

Don't cultivate the garden for varied flowers;

The Garden of a Hundred Flowers wants not the numbers.

Plums in the snow, chrysanthemums in the chill,

And no more. Sundry reds and purples, mere frill.



On Coming Back to Farm Life

Yi Seong126)

The sweet winds from heaps of herbs will perplex my age!

Streams, bamboos, and the moon, enchanting me,

Last night I planned to go down to the countryside.

When snow has melted, I'll ride my donkey south,

용궁마을 개울가에서

김원발

강은 넓어 물고기들 마음껏 헤엄치고

숲은 깊어 지친 새들 돌아오는 그곳.

나 이제 전원으로 가리라 뜻을 세움은

시비 많은 인심을 미리 알았기 때문.


龍宮閑居次金蘭溪得培韻

金元發

江闊修鱗縱 林深倦鳥歸

歸田示吾志 非是早知機



고목

이감지

흰 무지개 거꾸로 선 파란 산그늘.

도끼질 한 번 없이 세월은 깊어.

놀란 하늘 봄바람은 또다시 지나가니

옛 가지에 새로이 꽃은 피지 않으려나.


枯木

李堪之

白虹倒立碧山陰 斤釜人遙歲月深

堪歎春風吹又過 舊枝無復有花心


Leisurely Life at Yonggung

Kim Weonbal127)

The rivers are wide enough for many a fin to swim;

The woods are deep enough for wearied birds to skim.

Such was my will, to be back to the peaceful rustic life;

I knew far earlier the world was a point of a needle at strife.



An Old Tree

Yi Gamji128)

It's stood on a mount where the rainbow's hurled upside down.

None has axed it down, though many a year has elapsed.

The wind of spring caresses by as if in wonder:

The olden boughs are not willing to make new flowers again.

남녘 둑의 버드나무

최자

남녘 둑에 한 그루 버드나무가

봄바람에 하늘하늘 서서 있구나.

나무 등걸 구멍에 도마뱀 둥지 틀고

간들간들 가지에 꾀꼬리 교태.

겨울에도 굳세게 꺾이지 않고

봄이면 긴 가지 휘들어지는고야.

이 재목 어디에 쓸 건가 알면 되지

그 키가 백척인들 알아서 무엇하나.


南堤柳

崔滋

南堤一株柳 濯濯秀風標  毒虺藏空腹 矯鶯弄細腰

歲寒無勁節 春暖有長條  但向材何用 休論百尺喬



여흥의 청심루에서 읊은 노래

설문우

만경 삼라를 손가락으로 헤어 볼까

누각 올라 나도 몰래 머리를 드니

장강은 서로 달려 창해에 닿고

북쪽 산은 내려와 낮은 뫼를 애웠네.

투망에 고기들은 찬비 맞아 파닥이고

얼빠진 해오라기 안개 속에 졸고 섰네.

한평생 명예욕은 모두 벗어 던지고

연꽃 밭에 낚시질로 한가로이 지내리라.


驪興淸心樓次韻

薛文遇

萬景森羅指點端 登臨不覺屢回顔  長江西去赴滄海 復嶺北來圍淺山

投網魚跳寒雨裏 忘機鷺立瞑煙間  一生脫却功名累 靑蒻漁翁也自閑


The Willow on the Southern Dike

Choe Ja129)

On the southern dike is a beautiful willow,

Dancing sprightly in the wind of spring.

A lizard group has made a nest in its hollow;

The warblers make love on its limbs that swing.

It's stoutly survived the winter long and cold

And suspends its slender boughs in the warm season.

What is the use of it is the only thing to be told;

To know it's a hundred feet of height, there's no reason.



On Visiting Cheongsim130) Pavilion at Yeoheung131)

Seol Munu132)

To count the unnumbered sights with my fingers,

I turn my unknowing head around on the pavilion.

The westward river runs to the azure seas;

Mountains from north arrive to ring low hills.

Fish in my nets are bounding in the rain;

The dozing herons stand in the dimming dusk.

All the conceited secular glory is rubbish;

I will live my life fishing in a lotus pond.

산에서 봄을 맞아

왕백

어젯밤 시골집에 촉촉히 밤비 내려

길밖에 도화가 놀란 듯 붉게 폈네.

취해 사니 귀밑에 눈 나린 줄 몰랐어라.

갈대 꺾어 머리에 꽂아 바람이나 쏘이리.


山居春日

                        王伯

村家昨夜雨濛濛 竹外桃花忽放紅

醉裏不知雙鬢雪 折簪繁葛立東風



강가에서

오순

봄강은 자욱한 안개 속에 묻혔는데

깊은 밤 외로 앉아 낚싯대 드리우네.

피라미 몇 마리가 미끼를 물었겠지.

자라를 낚으리라 십 년 세월 그냥 가네.


江頭

                                      吳洵

春江無際溟煙沈 獨把漁竿坐夜深

餌下纖鱗知幾個 十年空有釣鰲心


A Spring Day in the Mountain

Wang Baek133)

Last night it drizzled on my country cottage;

This morning bloomed the peaches in sudden surprise.

Drunk, I knew not the snow below my ears:

Yet I enjoy the breeze, wearing a crown of weeds.



At the River

O Sun

Spring is come to the endless river

Where thick mist is brooding calm and dark.

I sit alone with a fishing rod

By the water deep into the night.

I know how scanty are the puny fish

Gathered around the luring bait.

Ten years have passed in vacancy

Since I had a mind to catch a tortoise.


무진객사

최원우

집집마다 대 울타리에 물총새들 지저귐

한식 맞아 비가 오니 개울물이 불었네.

한길마다 파릇파릇 어린 풀과 이끼 돋아

말발굽에 짓밟혀 피 흘릴까 두렵다.


題茂珍客舍

崔元祐

修竹家家翡翠啼 雨催寒食水生溪

蒼苔小草官橋路 怕見殘紅入馬啼



소상강의 밤비

이제현

단풍들고 갈대꽃 피는 강마을 가을에

비바람 몰아쳐 쪽배에다 뿌릴 제면

깊은 꿈 놀란 초객 돌아누워서

상비의 맺힌 슬픔 나누어 보네.


瀟湘夜雨

李齊賢

楓葉蘆花水國秋 一江風雨灑扁舟

驚回楚客三更夢 分與湘妃萬古愁

At Mujin

Choe Weonu134)

Halcyons sing on bamboo in every house repaired.

The Hansig135) of April near, brooks swell to the brim.

The bridges and roads are mossed with little green shoots.

How sorry I am to see you trample them down, my horse!



A Rainy Night at the Xiao Xiang River136)

Yi Jehyeon137)

When yellow and brown the leaves of reeds are dyed,

It's fall in the village at the river's side.

The winds and rains do the river sweep,

Rocking and rolling the boat like a leaf does creep;

The man who comes from Chu138) in surprise awakes

From his deepest midnight dream. It makes

Him turn and share the queens’ lamentation

That they will not forget for endless duration.139)

유감

이달충

앞으로 나가려니 웬 바다 가로막노

건너라도 가려니 타고 갈 배가 없네.

어쩌나 어쩌나 생각에 또 생각

가고는 싶다마는 돌아서서 방황하네.

재주나 있으면 전설 속의 노를 얻지

세상 나갈 운수는 아직도 멀었는가.

잠시 몸을 사렸다가 천명을 기다리자

망녕되이 움직이다 화를 부를라.


有感

李達衷

將行有何海 將涉無舟航 要見我所思 欲往還彷徨

才非傳說楫 世運亦未昌 潛光且俟命 妄動遭禍殃



고향 산천 그리워

곽인

내 고향 산천에는 안개와 담장이.

그곳에 초가삼간 내 집이 있지.

어제 온 옛친구의 편지 기별에

당귀 한 줌 보낸다 적어 보냈네.

말직에 매인 몸이 맘대로 할 수 없어

어쩌면 돌아갈까 안달만 하다가

거문고 두드리며 슬픔을 달래는데

찬바람만 옛등걸에 씽씽 부딪네.


思舊山

郭珚

舊山烟蘿中 三椽有茅屋  故人昨奇信 當歸盈一掬

微官不放歸 歸計徒自熟  愁來鳴玉琴 霜風生古木

I Wish I Could Go

Yi Dalchung140)

I wish I could go, but what a sea!

I wish I could cross, but not a boat.

Meditation is all I can do

To step forward; my thoughts waver.

There's no talented oarsmen in the legend;

Fortune of glory is not yet ripe.

It's better to wait for heaven's call;

To be rash may invoke another disaster.



Hills of Home

Kwag In141)

The hills of my home are all vines in fog,

Where lies my little cottage of log.

A note from a friend yesterday

He had sent a handful of herbs did say.

My meagre office won't set me free;

Only my thought returns there for me.

I play the geomungo to soothe my rueful heart;

The wind through the old trees does dart.

영남루

도원흥

찬란히 밝은 누각 물 위에 솟았는데,

이 산을 마주보라 지으신 이 누구인고.

어부는 낚싯대로 빗소리를 낚아 내고

길손은 십리 길에 산 그림자 돌아간다.

감람 밭 구름 밖에 무협은 우뚝한데

강물 따라 꽃이 피니 무릉의 안개로다.

모래밭 갈매기는 양관곡을 듣거니와

이별하는 슬픔까진 어찌 알리오.


嶺南樓

都元興

金碧樓明壓水天 昔年誰構此峯前

一竿漁父雨聲外 十里行人山影邊

入欖雲生巫峽曉 逐波花出武陵煙

沙鷗但聽陽關曲 那識愁心送別筵



무설 스님에게

김제안

세상 일 옳다 긇다 시비하는 가운데

내 옷도 십 년 세월 진흙탕에 찌들었네.

꽃 지고 새 우는 봄바람은 부는데

그대는 어느 산에 문을 닫고 계시나. 


寄無說師

金齊顔

世事紛紛是與非 十年塵土汚人衣

落花啼鳥春風裏 何處靑山獨掩扉

Yeongnam Pavilion142)

Do Weonheung

Above the river stands the bower of gold.

Who in the by-gone days the pavilion did mold?

A fisher is fishing the sounds of the falling rain;

A traveler walks in the shade of the mountain.

Clouds are burning over the Wuxia143) palm lands,

When misty waves convey small petals in bands.

Only the gulls the Song of Yangguan hear,144)

That know not the sorrow of parting from one's dear.



To Museol the Reverent Priest

Kim Jean145)

The world is turbulent with what is right and wrong;

My clothes, too, are smeared with dirt and dust of ten years long.

When the birds are making melodies, and the wind runs not sore,

Why do you hide yourself alone, closing your door?

부벽루

이색

어제는 영명사 들렀더니

지금은 부벽루 오르네.

적적한 성안에는 조각달 걸려 있고

가을이라 산봉에는 구름이 흘러.

임금님은 말을 타고 가신 뒤 안 오신데

직녀는 어디메 혼자서 노니는가.

깊은 한숨 쉬며 쉬며 돌층계를 오를 제

산색은 청청 강은 거침 없노메라.  


浮碧樓

李穡

昨過永明寺 暫登浮碧樓

城空一片月 石老雲千秋

麟馬去不返 天孫何處遊

長嘯倚風磴 山靑江自流



남편을 군문軍門에 보내고

정몽주

한 번 가신 나의 님은 오래도록 소식 없어,

추운 전장 생사를 누가 알고 전해주리.

아침 일찍 방한복을 울면서 보내오니

얼른 오소 태중에 당신 아기 가졌소.


征婦怨

鄭夢周

一別年多消息稀 寒垣存沒有誰知

今朝始寄寒衣去 泣送歸時在腹兒

Bubyeok Pavilion

Yi Saek146)

I saw Yeongmyeong Temple last night;

To climb Bubyeok Pavilion147) I'm allowed.

The new moon above the castle hangs alight;

O'er many a mossy rock is rambling a cloud.

The royal stallion is gone, and does never return;

Where is the Weaving Girl148) loitering still?

I whistle and climb the ridge in the wind, and burn;

The mountain is green and the river glides at its will.



A Letter from a Soldier's Wife

Jeong Mongju149)

Since we parted years ago I don't hear from you at all;

None's told me if you are safe in the cold castle wall.

Weeping I sent you a suit for cold weather this morn.

Expect, when back you are home, a pretty child to be born.



한가로이 살으리

길재

시냇가에 띳집 엮어 나 혼자 살아보니

고운 달 맑은 바람 이 아니 흥겨운다.

찾는 이 없으면 산새 불러 얘기하고

대숲에 자리 옮겨 누워서 책 보리라.


閑居

                                       吉再

臨溪茅屋獨閒居 月白風淸興有餘

外客不來山鳥語 移床竹塢臥看書



양구읍을 지나며

원천석

무너진 집집마다 울음소리 메아리쳐

백성은 뿔뿔이, 벼슬아치 어디 간고.

해마다 느느니 병마와 폐농이라,

흥겨운 노래 소리 언제 다시 들으려나.

논밭은 모조리 권세가에 빼앗기고

대문 앞에 줄줄이 도둑만이 설치는데

가련한 어린것들 누가 있어 돌볼 건가.

누구 탓에 이 고생을 겪어야 하나.


過楊口邑

元天錫

破屋鳴相呼 民逃吏亦無

每年加弊瘼 何日得歌娛

田屬權豪宅 門連暴惡徒

子遺殊可惜 辛苦竟何辜

Leisurely Life

Gil Jae150)

I live in a thatched cottage beside a brook.

In the moon and gentle wind my time I kill.

I talk with mountain birds, when none calls at this nook.

I read as I lie in the bush of bamboos on the hill!



On Passing the village of Yanggu151)

Weon Cheon Seok152)

The wailing sounds are heard to echo in the houses;

Inhabitants have run away, and officials, too.

Diseases and sloth ever increasing year by year,

When will they sing those happy melodies again?

All the lands and farms belong to mighty powers;

Gangs of robbers throng at every gate and door.

O how poor are deserted children unattended!

Why are they to answer for this boundless torment?


님 보내는 봄날

조운흘

귀양가는 아픈 마음 눈물은 뿌려도

봄과 함께 가는 이 가는 듯 돌아오소.

좋아서 닫는 춘풍 잡을 길 없네.

오래 살면 으례껏 시비하기 배우는 걸.


送春日別人

                                     趙云仡

謫宦傷心渧淚揮 送春兼復送人歸

春風好去無留意 久在人間學是非



강릉 동헌에서

송인

나머지 인생길을 객지에서 보내려니

섣달 그믐 강성은 눈 속에 묻혔구나.

고향에 가는 꿈만 구름 따라 고개 넘네.

벼슬하는 설움은 바다같이 끝이 없어,

철썩철썩 파도소리 베개 밑을 흔들고,

하늘 보니 신기루는 구름인 양 떠가네.

경포대의 차 맛은 차갑기도 하여라.

이제 와서 어디에서 신선 만나 놀아보리.


江陵東軒

宋因

客程容易送餘年 臘盡江城雪滿天

歸夢共雲常過嶺 宦愁如海不知邊

濤聲動地來喧枕 蜃氣浮空望似煙

鏡浦臺空茶寵冷 更於何處擬逢仙

A Farewell on a Spring Day

Jo Un Heul153)

My afflicted heart sprinkles tears to see you banished.

Come back you will as lightly as the spring that is vanished

Who will halt the way of the breeze that runs so light?

An old man is wont to argue what is wrong and right.



The Official Seat at Gangreung154)

Song In155)

I must spend the rest of my life in foreign lands, I know;

At this turn of the year when all the city is in snow.

Hasting with clouds over the hills is my dream of home,

But the unending seas of duties I shall ever roam.

The roaring sounds of the ocean shaking under my pillows;

The mirage stands in the blue, resembling clouds o'er the billows.

The tea at Gyeongpodae156) is as cold as the sky, not mild;

I wonder where I shall meet again a fairy's child.

침류정

염흥방

금모래가 물을 베고 드러누운 곳

수양버들 그늘에 더위 식히고,

더러운 세상사에 귀를 씻으니

들리느니 졸졸졸 물소리 뿐이로다.


題枕流亭

                                 廉興邦

金沙居士枕流亭 楊柳陰陰暑氣晴

洗耳不聞塵世事 潺溪只有小溪聲



사람들아 경계하라

나옹

뼈빠지게 홍진 세상 달리다보니

어느새 머리에는 백발만 성성.

명예욕은 불길되어 집안 망치니

예로부터 불에 탄이 얼마이던고



警世

懶翁

終世役役走紅塵 頭白焉知此身

名利禍門爲猛火 古今燒盡幾千人


The Summer Arbor, Chimryu

Yeom Heung Bang157)

Gentle Golden Sand reclines on the water as pillows;

To quench the heat, the shade is cast by the willows.

I will never heed the world. For I've washed my ears;158)

Now the murmuring brook is what my mind hears.



Advice to the World

Na Ong159)

In the yellow dust of the world to ra

ce did I dare,

When one day I saw on top of my head gray hair.

Fame and gain will maim your blood like fire;

They've burnt away so many men you admire.160)

김익지를 찾아서

정도전

높고 낮은 나무 사이 자욱한 안개

발자국은 풀에 묻혀 길을 찾지 못하겠네.

그대 집은 가까운데 찾지 못해 헤메니.

촌로가 손을 들어 다리 서쪽 가리키네.


訪金益之

鄭道傳

噓煙暗淡樹高低 草沒人蹤路慾迷

行近君家猶未識 田翁背指小橋西



성남의 봄

권근

봄바람 건듯 부니 청명이 다가왔나,

이슬비 추적추적 그칠 기미 안 보인다.

모퉁이의 살구나무 꽃필 때가 되었는지

이슬 맺힌 가지 몇 개 내게 고개 숙이네.


春日城南卽事

                                           權近

春風忽己近淸明 細雨霏霏成晩晴

屋角杏花開慾遍 數枝含露向人傾


A Visit to Kim Ikji

Jeong Dojeon161)

Thick is the mist among the trees and bramble;

The tracks on the road are buried in the grass.

I'm near you, but find not your house, and, astray I ramble;

An old farmer points west of the bridge, on an ass.



On a Spring Day in Seong Nam162)

Gweon Geun163)

I feel of a sudden the warm wind of spring.

For the Day of Cheongmyeong164) is near.

The uninvited rain is drizzling,

As if it won't admit of days clear.

At the nook of the house, the apricot,

Whose branches, seeing it's time to bloom

Moist with dew, but afraid they cannot,

Lean askance toward me in the room.



깊은 흥

유창

하릴없이 구름 따라 푸른 숲 속 들어가니

솔바람 시냇물이 때묻은 소매 씻네.

유유로운 뜬세상 누가 나를 알아주랴.

여기 산새 불러다가 내 마음 열어주리.


幽興

劉敞

步逐閒雲入翠林 松風澗水世塵襟

悠悠浮世無知己 只有山禽解我心



고성의 동생에게

성석린

눈을 들어 바라보니 산 설고 물은 깊어

편지 한 장 받으니 천금 같이 반가워라.165)

밤이면 달을 보고 부모님 생각 눈물짓고

낮에는 구름 보면 그리운 동생 얼굴.

흐려진 두 눈이라 꽃 피어도 아롱아롱.

상투를 꽂자 하니 서릿발이 서렸구나.

봄바람은 나 몰라라 나의 슬픔 스쳐가고

홀연히 꾀꼬리 소리만 온 숲에 가득구나.   


在固城寄舍弟

成石璘

擧目江山深復深 家書一字抵千金

中宵見月思親淚 白日看雲憶弟心

兩眼昏花春霧隔 一簪華髮曉霜侵

春風不覺愁邊過 綠樹鶯聲忽滿林

Deep Pleasure

Yu Chang166)

I follow the idle cloud to the verdant wood,

And wash my defiled sleeves in wind and water.

Who in the vain world will appreciate me?

I'd rather reveal my mind to wild birds on the hill.



A Letter to Brother, from Goseong167)

Seong Seoklin168)

Here where only strange rivers and mountains hit my eyes,

A letter from home is worth pounds and pounds of gold.169)

I don't see the moon in the night but I think of our parents,

Nor the cloud in the day but I think of you my brother.

My eyes are too dim and misty to enjoy the flowery spring;

The lustrous hair on my head is invaded by shining frost.

But the spring wind passes by knowing not of my grief;

Hark! The wood is suddenly filled with cuckoo songs.

공부어사에서 쓴 시

이직

군막처럼 빽빽한 수양버들 그늘에

꾀꼬리 고운 노래 울려 오는데

머리에 수건 묶어 산보 길에 나섰더니

하얀 모래 위로 물은 깊고 맑아라.

무엇 하는 자냐고 누가 물었다.

분분한 세상살이 걱정할 것 무엇이냐,

부춘의 뜻으로 내 몸을 맑게 씻어

반계의 정신으로 세상을 구하리라.

이 세상에 가진 것은 낚싯대 하나 뿐

재미 삼아 하는 일에 예와 오늘 다르랴.


孔附漁舍詩卷

李稷

柳陰密成幄 黃鳥送好音

幅巾步回渚 沙白水淸深

問君何爲者 不憂世紛侵

潔身富春志 濟世磻溪心

乾坤一竿竹 氣味古猶今



게으름

이첨

내 평생 소원을 게을러서 못 이룬데,

지금도 그럴세라, 늙고 보니 더 늘었네.

낮잠 깨어 얼 차리니 꽃 그림자 간 데 없고,

갓난 아이 품에 안고 연꽃 핀 양 바라보네.


慷甚

李詹

平生志願己蹉跎 爭奈衰慵十倍多

午枕覺來花影轉 暫携稚子看新荷

A Page of Poem at the River

Yi Jik170)

In a bower of the willow shades

The cuckoos are chanting lovely songs.

With a cotton towel fastened on head

I walk the white bar of clear water.

Someone may ask what I am.

“Not loving this worldly turmoil,

I would keep my body clean at Fu Chun,

And save the world with a mind of Pan Xi.171)

What I have is only a fishing rod,

A good taste is the same, now and past.”



On Indolence

Yi Cheom172)

For indolence I failed to fulfill my lifelong wish.

Now that I am old, the sloth has increased a lot more!

When I awake from midday slumber, the flowers are gone.

With a newborn in arms, I watch in the pond new lotuses. 

깊은 솔밭 나의 집

정거

쑥대 사립문 앞에 노송 한 그루

백년의 풍우에 용트림을 하였구나

해 다 진 하늘 이고 눈 서리에 묻힌 골짝

우람하게 버티고 선 그 모양이 헌헌하다.


松山幽居

鄭矩

蓬蓽門前一老松 百年春雨養髥龍

暮天霜雪埋窮壑 看取亭亭特殊容



어느 가을 날

권우

대나무 푸른 그늘 서탑 위에 어려 있고

국화꽃 맑은 향기 옷자락을 적시는데,

낙엽 또한 힘찬 기운 솟아나는가.

비바람을 맞으며 뜨락에 어지럽네.


秋日

權遇

竹分翠影侵書榻 菊送淸香滿客衣

落葉亦能生氣勢 一庭風雨自飛飛

A Hut with a Pine

Jeong Geo173)

Before my brushwood gate there stands an ancient pine,

Twisting like a dragon through hundreds of years of storms.

When the wintry valleys are buried in frost and snow,

Its stately figure always stands out green and great.



An Autumn Day

Kweon U174)

When bamboos invade my desk with green shadow,

And chrysanthemums steep my clothes with scent,

The falling leaves, as if to restore their spirit,

Are flying in the yard in wind and rain.

정백용에게

정이오

이월이 언뜻 가고 삼월이 가까운지

아련한 봄기운이 꿈인 듯 돌아오네.

아름다운 계절을 천금에 비기랴.

뉘 집에 술 익고 꽃이 활짝 피었을까?


次寄鄭伯容

鄭以吾

二月將闌三月來 一年春色夢中回

千金尙未買佳節 酒熟誰家花正開



영월의 흉보를 듣고

양녕대군

용은 어디로 날아가신고.

영월 땅의 구름도 슬퍼라.

쓸쓸한 시월의 밤하늘

창궁도 통곡하며 하소연하네.


聞寧越凶報

讓寧大君

龍御歸何處 愁雲起越中

空山十月夜 痛哭訴蒼穹

To Jeong Baek Yong

Jeong Yio175)

When February is giving place to March,

The spring of the year returns as in dreams,

O season fair, worth thousands of pounds of gold!

Who has good rice wine and a flower garden?



On Hearing Sad News from Yeongweol

Prince Yangnyeong176)

Where is the dragon177) at flight?

At Yeongweol178) sad is the cloud.

In the dreary October night,

The blue sky is mourning loud.

고령사에서

신석조

산골짜기 밭 곁으로 감돌아 오솔길

보광금전이 바위산에 우뚝하네.

천 년 묵은 나무에 넝쿨이 엉켜있고

시냇물은 하얗게 돌뿌리를 감도네.

저문 날 경쇠소리 구름 밖에 흐르고

차가운 달빛 속에 범종소리 아른아른.

불경 마친 내 마음 부처같이 고요하고

솔바람만 솔솔 쑥내음을 실어오네.


寓高嶺寺

辛碩祖

谷轉山圃一逕遙 普光金殿起岩峯

千年樹老蒼藤合 兩岸溪回白石饒

日暮磬聲雲外落 夜寒鍾影月中搖

羲經讀破天君靜 只有松風送藾簫



오로재에 은퇴하며

정종

세상에 누가 부귀 대신 가난을 따를까.

두메산골 파묻혀서 귀가 멀어 그럴레라.

하늘을 보라, 골고루 선심을 베풀어서

하찮은 초가에도 어김없이 봄이 푸르네.


退休吾勞齋

鄭種

世間從富不從貧 藏踪幽谷耳聾人

猶有乾坤無厚薄 數椽茅屋亦靑春

At Koryeong Temple

Sin Seokjo179)

A lane meandering in the valleys and hillside gardens

Leads to the lofty main shrine on the rocky peak,

Where the green young vines entangle the age-old trees.

In the valleys brooks bolt their way white o'er stones.

The clanging sounds of hand bells reach the clouds;

The tremors of the big bell echo in the cold moon.

My mind is buddha-tranquil: I‘ve finished saying my prayers.

The pine wood sends me melodious songs in the wind.



Retiring to the Oro House

Jeong Jong180)

I am deaf in one ear, keeping to the countryside.

But I know the world is obedient to riches, not poverty,

But Providence is neither too free nor too miserly.

In the humble thatched cottage the spring will also abide.

고향길에 오르며

장수

고향은 여태까지 날 기다려 주었건만

오늘사 나귀 몰아 그곳엘 돌아왔네.

나지막한 처마에 대 그림자 기울고

산빛은 집집마다 빈틈없이 쏟아지네.

혁거세 죽고 나서 남은 성터에

지금도 사택은 그대로 남아 있는데

적막한 옛집에는 날 꾸짖을 어른 없어

벼슬살이 첫해보다 더더욱 서러워라.


歸鄕有感

張修

故鄕如待我 今日卽停驢

竹影低簷短 山光滿閣虛

天城赫居後 公館壽同餘

臨眺趨庭寂 愁添宦謫初



남포의 이별

김종서

강두에서 님 보내려니 슬픔이 하도할사

악기도 줄이 끊겨 이별 노래 못 부르네

하늘이여 풍백에게 원정을 명하시어

하룻밤만 대동강에 저문 파도 일구소서.


南浦

金宗瑞

送客江頭別恨多 管絃處斷不成歌

天敎風伯阻征旆  一夕大同生晩波

On Returning Home

Jang Su181)

Though home has waited many a year for me,

Only today I come on my lazy donkey!

Bamboo shadows reaching down the eaves,

To every house the hill its deep colors heaves!

The ancient castle built by Hyeokgeose182)

Has left an official house until today.

I regret in seeing the silent and vacant yard

Where for my misdeed my parent chided me hard.



At Nampo

Kim, Jongseo183)

How grievous it is to part at the river's side!

The broken strings can‘t tune a farewell strain.

Oh, Heaven, tell the Wind to wage a campaign,

And raise this evening in the stream a big tide.

영월군의 누각에서

단종

원한 품은 새가되어 왕궁을 물러나서

깊은 산중 외톨이로 쓸쓸한 이 몸.

밤마다 뜬눈으로 날을 지새니

해가 가면 갈수록 설음만 쌓이는데

새소리도 끊어진 골 달 밝은 새벽이면

봄의 골짝 핏물이요 지는 꽃도 핏빛이라.

하늘도 귀가 멀어 내 애소를 못 듣는데

어찌하여 설은 나만 유독 귀가 밝은고.


寧越郡樓作

端宗

一自寃禽出帝宮 孤身隻影碧山中

假眠夜夜眠無假 窮恨年年恨不窮

聲斷曉岑殘月白 血流春谷落花紅

天聾尙未問哀訴 何奈愁人耳獨聰



자규루

단종

달 밝은 밤 촉의 혼백 구슬픈 울음소리,

시름에 겨운 이 몸 누각에 오른다.

네가 우는 소리에 내 마음 괴롭고야

네가 울지 않으면 내 슬픔도 가시리. 

시름에 겨운 사람 내 말을 들어두오.

춘삼월엔 자규루에 오르지 말지어다.


子規樓

端宗

月白夜蜀魄啾 含愁情依樓頭

爾啼悲我聞苦 無爾聲無我愁

寄語世上苦勞人 愼莫登春三月子規樓

At a Pavilion of Yeongweol

King Danjong184)

Leaving the palace, a bird of sorrow,

I'm alone in a mountain remote.

I'm deprived of sleep, night by night,

Sorrow increasing, year by year.

At moonlit dawn when birds are dumb,

Red leaves fall on the streams of blood.

When Heaven's too deaf to hear my pleas,

How come only my ears are so keen?



The Cuckoo House

King Danjong

The cuckoo singing in the moonlit night,

Broken-hearted, I climb the Cuckoo House.

The bitter song you sing makes me sadder;

Please stop your elegy, and my sorrow will ebb.

I hereby warn that those who are in trouble

Should not climb the Cuckoo House in March.



형을 받을 때

성삼문

북소리 둥둥 울어 내 목숨 재촉할 때

눈을 돌려 바라보니 서산에 해가 지네.

황천 가는 길목에는 주막도 없다는데

오늘밤을 뉘 집에서 묵어야 하나.


受刑時

成三問

擊鼓催人命 回頭日欲斜

黃泉無一店 今夜宿雖家



함길도 절도사가 되어

유응부

장군기 앞세우고 오랑캐를 진압하니

모래바람 잠잠할 제 병사들 낮잠 잔다.

오천 준마는 버드나무 밑에 울고

사냥 매 삼백 마리 망루 앞에 앉았어라


爲咸吉道節度使作

兪應孚

將軍持節鎭戎 沙塞塵晴士卒眠

駿馬五千嘶柳下 豪鷹三百坐樓前

At the Time of Execution

Seong Sammun185)

Drums are beating to take my life away;

I turn my head and see the sun fall bright.

No inn is on the Tartarian way, they say:

Who shall I stay with for this very night?



As Commander-in-Chief of Hamgildo186)

Yu Weungbu187)

I conquered the barbarians Brandishing the General's standard;

Now as the sandstorm is tranquil, so my soldiers slumber.

Five thousand steeds are heighing under the willow trees,

While three hundred hawks are at rest on the watchtower.

서강의 한식

남효온

어둑한 울 밖으로 저녁 연기 피어나고 

한식이라 동풍에 강물조차 맑아라.

만선을 기뻐하며 상인들 말하기를,

버드나무 꽃 필 시절 고향 그립다.


西江寒食

南孝溫

天陰籬外夕煙生 寒食東風夜水明

無限滿船商客語 柳花時節故鄕情



단종의 자규사에 화답한다

조상치

뻐꾹 뻐꾹 뻐꾹새

빈 하늘 달빛보고 무삼 하소하는가.

파촉 산천 그리워 날고 싶다만

못 가네. 못 가네. 나는 못 가네.

뭇새들은 제가끔 편히 둥지 틀었는데

왜 너 홀로 꽃가지에 피를 토해 우느냐

외로운 네 모습이 초췌하여도

너를 돌아보는 이 아무도 없어.

오호라 네 마음만 원한을 품었으리.

원통한 의사충신 늘어만 가서 손을 꼽아보아도 헤아릴 수 없어라. 


奉和端宗子規詞

曺尙治

子規啼子規啼 夜月空山何所訴

不如歸不如歸 望裏巴岑飛欲度

看他衆鳥摠安巢 獨向花枝血謾吐

形單影孤貌憔悴 不肯尊崇誰爾顧

鳴呼人間寃恨豈獨爾

義士忠臣增慷慨 不平屈指難盡數

Hansik at the River

Nam Hyo-on188)

Out of the darkening fence the smoke rises thick;

The river is clearer in the breezy night of Hansik.

Those fishmongers with their boat full of fish will say,

“The willow blossoms never bloom but we think of home away.”



Written in Response to Danjong's Cuckoo Song

Jo Sangchi189)

“Cuckoo, cuckoo, cuckoo,190)

What are you crying for in the moonlight?”

“I can't come, can't come

To Shu, though I would fly back.”

While all your kind are content to perch in their nests,

You spit out your blood alone on the blooming bough.

Is your lonesome grief-stricken form a phantom?

None looks back to find your dignified shape!

Alas, you are not the only one in sadness­everyone is!

Righteous and loyal people in grief on the increase,

It's impossible to count their number on my fingers.

산수 병풍

김수온

이 고운 산수를 어느 신이 만드신가.

천만 가지 화초가 저마다 봄이로다.

돌아서서 다시 보니 모두가 꿈결 같다.

너와 나의 옳고 그름 또한 누가 알아주리.


題山水屛

                                     金守溫

描山描水摠如神 萬草千花各自春

畢竟一場皆幻境 雖知君我亦非眞



김상국에게

조수

아침에 서리 내려 유난히도 추운 날

먼길을 가시려면 쓸쓸도 하겠구려.

먹고 자는 인생살이 다를 바가 없어도

몸가짐 때문에 어려움 겪나보오.

잘되고 못되고는 운수 탓이니

하늘 땅에 사사로움 어디 있으리.

사람 마음 아는 것은 백주 뿐이니

한 잔을 들이키고 곤드래가 되어봄세.


呈金相國

趙須

今朝零露冷 履遠獨凄其

處世同炊침 持身若累碁

浮沈元有數 覆載本無私

白酒可人意 頹然一中之

On a Screen of Natural Scenery

Kim Suon191)

None but a god could create all these waters and hills.

Every grass and flower is blessed by the season,

Which, looked back a second time, is but illusion;

Who knows whether you and I are real or false?



Lines to Kim Sangguk

Jo Su

Cold is the frosty morning;

Your trip will be sad and dreary.

Life is the same everywhere,

But behavior may cause mishaps.

Rising and falling is our lot;

Nature you know is really impartial.

Only good liquor knows our mind;

Why, come and drink, and get drunk. 


남포

이극감

눈 녹자 불어 오른 강물 위에는

밤마다 들려오는 죽지가192) 가락소리.

나를 두고 가신 임 그리움에 겨워서

천리 밖의 내 마음을 푸른 물에 띄우네.


南浦

李克堪

江上雪消江水多 夜來聞唱竹枝歌

與君一別思何盡 千里春心送碧波



북정에 즈음하여

남이

백두산의 바윗돌은 칼 갈아 닳아지고

두만강 물은 군마가 마셔 없앴네.

사나이 이십에 나라 편케 못하면

후세의 어느 누가 대장부라 이르리.


北征時作

南怡

白頭山石磨刀盡 豆滿江水飮馬無

男兒二十未平國 後世雖稱大丈夫


At the river

Yi Geuggam193)

Over the river swollen with melting snows

Are heard melodious songs in the night.

I send along on the rippling waves my heart

That's laden with the burning thought of you.



At a Campaign in the North

Nam Yi194)

Worn out are the rocks of Baekdu with grinding the swords;

Drunk up is the River Duman195) by the steeds.

If a man of twenty's unable to bring his country

To peace, who in the future will regard him worthy?

어부

성간

깊은 산 깊은 골 연기 한 줄기

속세와 멀어서 백구만 노니는 곳.

늙은 어부 속셈은 본시 없지만

영 넘어 강과 달은 모두가 내 거라네.


漁夫

成侃

數疊靑山數谷煙 紅塵不到白鷗邊

漁翁不是無心者 關嶺西江月一般



우제

류방선

띠를 엮어 집안을 손질하고,

대를 심어 울타리 만들며

산중에 사는 이 작은 멋은

해가 가도 나 혼자만 알지.


偶題

柳方善

結茆仍補屋 種竹故爲籬

多少山中味 年年獨自知

The Fisher

Seong Gan196)

See the smoke that rises among deep valleys,

Where the free doves aren't defiled by worldly dust.

The old fisher who lives there has for gold no lust,

But the rustic scenes belong to him, he judges.



A Casual Poem

Ryu Bangseon197)

I repair the roof with slender withes,

And hedge my house by planting bamboos.

These petty joys of rural life

Are never known to any but me.

연꽃을 따다가

홍만종

어여쁜 아가씨가 연꽃을 따려고

못가에 배를 묶고 둑을 지나다

말 탄 총각 눈에 띄자 부끄러워서

살짝이 웃으며 꽃 속으로 사라지네.


採蓮曲

洪萬宗

被美採蓮女 繫舟橫塘渚

羞見馬上郞 笑入荷花去


A Lass and Lotus Flowers

Hong Manjong198)

A beautiful lass, to pick lotus flowers,

Moors the boat on the dike and crosses the bar.

She is so shy to see a lad on horseback

She smiles and hides herself among the flowers.

Koryo

Joseon

태조 Taejo 918-943

태조 Taejo 1392-1398

혜종 Hyejong 943-945

정종 Jeongjong 1398-1400

정종 Jeongjong 945-949

태종 Taejong 1400-1418

광종 Gwangjong 949-975

세종 Sejong   1418-1450

경종 Gyeongjong 975-981

문종 Munjong   1450-1452

성종 Seongjong 981-997

단종 Danjong   1452-1455

목종 Mokjong 997-1009

세조 Sejo   1455-1468

현종 Hyeonjong 1009-1031

예종 Yejong   1468-1469

덕종 Deokjong 1031-1034

성종 Seongjong   1469-1494

정종 Jeongjong 1034-1046

연산군 Yeonsan-gun  1494-1506

문종 Munjong 1046-1083

중종 Jungjong   1506-1544

순종 Sunjong 1083

인종 Injong   1544-1545

선종 Seonjong 1083-1094

명종 Myeongjong   1545-1567

헌종 Heonjong 1094-1095

선조 Seonjo   1567-1608

숙종 Sukjong 1095-1105

광해군 Gwanghaegun 1608-1623

예종 Yejong 1105-1122

인조 Injo   1623-1649

인종 Injong 1122-1146

효종 Hyojong   1649-1659

의종 Uijong 1146-1170

현종 Hyeonjong   1659-1674

명종 Myeongjong 1170-1197

숙종 Sukjong   1674-1720

신종 Sinjong 1197-1204

경종 Gyeongjong   1720-1724

희종 Huijong 1204-1211

영조 Yeongjo   1724-1776

강종 Gangjong 1211-1213

정종 Jeongjong   1776-1800

고종 Gojong 1213-1259

순종 Sunjong   1800-1834

원종 Weonjong 1259-1274

헌종 Heonjong   1834-1849

충렬왕 King Chungryeol 1274-1308

철종 Cheoljong   1849-1863

충선왕 King Chungseon 1308-1313

고종 Gojong   1863-1907

충숙왕 King Chungsuk 1313-1330, 1332-1339

순종 Sunjong   1907-1910

충혜왕 King Chunghye 1330-1332 1339-1344

 

충목왕 King Chungmok    1344-1348

 

충정왕 King Chungjeong    1348-1351

 

공민왕 King Gongmin    1351-1374

 

우왕 King Wu       1374-1388

 

창왕 King Chang(1388-1389)

 

공양왕 King Gongyang(1389-1392)

 
The Dynasties of Koryo and Joseon

제1편 Part I

1) U Tak (1263-1343) was a great scholar at the end of the Koryo Dynasty. King Chungseon committed adultery with his father's concubine. U saw it and sued for the king's apology. After that he resigned his office and went home to Yean. The king summoned him to office, but he rejected his proposal and devoted himself to learning.


2) Yi Jonyeon (1269-1343) served as royal secretary. He was involved in a plot against King Chungseon and was imprisoned. But he was proven innocent of the crime and was released from his exile. When King Chunghye was restored to the throne, he was appointed head of the Royal Academy. He reproved the king for his lechery again and again in vain, and resigned his office.


3) Yi Jono (1341-1371) was a Royal Adviser, who impeached, in 1366, the rude monk Sindon. He was degraded, and later died from wrath.


4) Yi Saek (1328-1396) was royal tutor to King U. His literary name was Mogeon. He left 55 volumes of his works. This poem alludes to the fall of Koryo, and the rise of the Joseon Dynasty.


5) Kil Je (1353-1419) was a civil servant at the close of the Koryo dynasty. He resigned his office and returned to his home to take care of his old mother. He didn't come to office in the new regime because he was unwilling to serve two dynasties. Instead, he taught students at home.


6) Songdo, now Geseung, was the capital city of Koryo for four hundred and seventy-five years. After the fall of Koryo, the royal seat of Joseon was Seoul.


7) Yi Bangweon (1367-1422) later became Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, succeeding his eldest brother. His father Yi Seonggye founded Joseon, and he was the companion in the foundation of New Kingdom. This poem is a test to the former king of Koryo dynasty's loyal subject, Jeong Mongju who remained loyal to the last king and kingdom. The following poem If I be Killed is Jeong's answer to this one.


8) Weon's literary name was Wungok, meaning a clouded valley. When Koryo began to fall, he went to Mt. Chiak near Weonju, and farmed, looking after his parents. He taught sometime the young prince (later King Taejong of Joseon). Hereafter he lived a hermit life, declining the royal call to the office.


9) That is, The Terrace of The Full Moon. It was the site where the royal palace of the Koryo Dynasty stood.


10) Jeong (?-1398) was a partner of Yi Seonggye in founding the Joseon dynasty. But later he was killed by the Prince Bangweon, who became the third king of Joseon.


11) The bridge is in Jaha district, which is part of Gesung City, in the middle of the Korean Peninsula. Geseong was the capital city of Koryo.


12) Sung (1338-1423) was a high ranking official of Koryo, and became Prime Minister when the Joseon Dynasty started.


13) Hwang (1363-1452) served the last kings of Koryo and the first four kings of the Joseon Dynasty. He is regarded as the most eminent minister in history. He was Prime Minister in the reign of Sejong the Great.


14) In making liquor, that is, makgeolli, or farmer's wine of rice and other materials, a sieve is used. Therefore the sieve retailer's departure means that the wine is almost good to drink.


15) Kim Jongseo (1398-1453) served three kings of Joseon, and was killed by Prince Suyang, uncle to the present king, Danjong. He was opposed to Suyang's ambition to become a king by dethroning his nephew. This poem was written when he was commander-in-chief of the army in the north.


16) Byeon (1369-1430) whose literary name was Chunjeong (Spring Garden) revised the History of Koryo, and his post in the government rose to Minister of Courtesy. He left Collected Works of Chunjeong and a couple of sijos.  


17) Sung Sammun (1418-1456), whose literary name was Keunbo, was a important staff of Saejong the Great. He was later killed by King Sejo as he and other courtiers tried to restore King Danjong to the throne. Collected Works of Sung Keunbo. 


18) The name of the mountain sounds the same as the name of the Uncle-Prince who, dethroning his Nephew-King Danjong, acceded to the throne himself. The writer of this poem was one of the six dead subjects who were killed for protesting against the new king's immoral action.


19)  Mt. Suyang is another name for Mt. Lei Shou in Shan Xi Province of China. Yi and Je are the abridged names of Baikyi and Sukje, who they say ran to the mountain taking an oath not to take anything from the new state when theirs fell, but, ironically, they gathered brackens to save their lives. Their Chinese names sound Bai Yi and Shu Ji.


20) Bak, too, was one of the six courtiers who were killed by Suyang. See the note 19.


21) Yi (1417-1456) was one of the six dead subjects who, with Seong and other high officials, plotted a restoration of the dethroned king and was killed. Also see note 19.


22) Wang escorted the dethroned king, Prince Nosan, to Yeongweol at the time of exile in 1457. Then Wang was head of constabulary force. See the notes 15, 17, and 18.


23) Nam Yi (1441-1468) was a son of Princess Jeongseon, daughter to King Taejong. He became Minister of Army at the age of twenty-seven. He was envied by people and falsely accused of a plot against the present regime.


24) Baekdu is the highest mountain in Korea.


25) Prince Weolsan (1454-1488) was the elder brother of King Sungjong.


26) Seongjong (1457-1498), one of the greatest kings of the Joseon Dynasty, asked his subject, Yu Hoin (1445-1494), holding a meagre post, when he resigned his office to take care of his old mother who lived at Hapcheon, to change his mind. The king treasured his writing, loyalty, and his calligraphy, but above anything else, his personality.


27) These are three feudal dynasties during the warring era (403-221 B.C.) of the ancient China when learning was most honored.


28) Tang and Yu are two legendary sages of Ancient China, when peace and prosperity flourished, that is, in the Golden Age of Yao and Shun.


29) King Sungjong (1469-1494) used to enjoy songs and women at parties with his courtiers. Sochunpung (Smiling Spring Breeze) who was a famous gisaeng in Yeongheung, a town in the north-east of Korea, after filling the king's cup with wine, did the same to the prime minister singing this poem.


30) The militant courtiers, on hearing the previous song, were not very happy. But both of the parties were happy again when she sang this and the following song one after the other. She was Teng and the former party Chu, and the other, Zhai.


31) Qi and Chu were two dominant ones of the seven kingdoms in the Age of Warring States (475-221 B.C.).


32) Song Sun (1493-1583) whose literary name was Myeonangjeong was Mayor of Seoul City. He was one of the forerunners of natural poems. Besides A Collection of Myeonang, he left many sijos, and a narrative poem, A Song of Myeonang.


33) King Myeongjong sent chrysanthemums to the scholars in the court, saying they should return a poem for the flowers. Song Sun wrote this poem and dedicated it to the king.


34) Song In (1516-1584), a prominent man of letters and high office, was a nobleman who married a princess of Jungjong. His literary name was Yiam. Collected Works of Yiam.


35) An (1494-?), a good hand at calligraphy and brush drawing, passed the state examination in 1519, and was a provincial legislator.


36) Kweon (1532-1587) learned from Yi Hwang (See note 41), the greatest scholar of Oriental Metaphysics in the Joseon Dynasty. He passed the state examination but did not take office. Instead he taught students. He wrote nineteen sijos.


37) People regarded Seo (1489-1546) as one of the three wonders of Kaeseong, the Cascade of Bagyeon, the gisaeng Hwangjini, nicknamed Myeongweol, that is, the Bright Moon. This poem is supposed to have been written thinking of Hwangjini, who had been his pupil. See the next note.


38) Whang was a famous gisaeng in Gaeseong. Her nickname was Myeongweol, the Bright Moon. Her uncommon beauty and talents charmed great scholars and men of letters. Among them was a Buddhist monk called Jijok, who was excommunicated because of her. She left sixty excellent sijos.


39) The original rendering is ‘Byeokgyesu', which is a pun. There was a man of royal family known by this name. Literally, it is a ’clear brook' or ‘clear water.' Myeongweol, too, has a double meaning; literally, it is ‘the bright moon,' but really it is her nickname.


40) Im Je (1549-1587). His literary name was Baekho, that is, White Lake. He was in a high position in the royal court. But disgusted by the party strife, he resigned to return to a life of nature. He left allegorical stories, History of a Flower, and A Story of a Grief-Stricken Castle, and three pieces of Sijo. This Sijo was written while he was on his way to his new post of Governor of Pyeongan Province, when he occasionally passed by the grave of Hwang Jini, a noted gisaeng, who had loved him. See the notes 38 and 39.


41) Gyeryang (1513-1550) was a famous gisaeng at Buan, Jeolabukdo. Her real name was Yi Hyang Keum, and her literary name was Maechang, or Gyesaeng. She was a good singer and player of the geomungo. She was also a good writer of Hansi poems.  She had been deeply in love with Yu Higyeong (1545-1636), who left Collected Works of Choneun, and A Handbook of Mourning Rituals.  Choneun was his literary name. But after he went up to Seoul leaving her behind, she didn't hear from him. She, however, lived alone without any contact with men. Her lover Yu was a man of unusual sincerity and honor.


42) Yi (1467-1555), whose literary name was Nongam, was one of the highest-ranking officers in the reigns of Kings Yonsan and Jungjong. Collected Works of Nongam.


43) This poem was given to a gisaeng, called Hanu, which means Cold Rain. His allusion touched her, and she answered him with the following poem.


44) This poem, written by a gisaeng called Hanu, is the response to the preceding poem.


45) Jung ChulJeong Cheol (1536-1593), whose literary name was Songgang, was a civilian servant in the mid-Joseon period and one of the most celebrated poets of the time. After years of royal service in the palace, he spent three years as magistrate of Gangweon, Jeolla, and Hamgyeong Provinces, and later as minister. His major poems are A Song of Gwandong Province, the Instructions, Reminiscence of a Beauty, Reminiscence of a Beauty, Continued, Other Poems of Seongsan, Collected Works of Songgang, Longer Songs of Songgang, Other Collected Works of Songgang, and more than seventy sijos.


46) He is addressing the people of Gangweondo where he is magistrate.


47) The counterpart of the line is missing.


48) The ‘scholar’ has a connotation with a person called Go Jebong, or Go Gyeongmyung, who was a scholar of the Royal Library where the kings' writings were kept and managed. Later he fought against the Japanese, organizing a civil armed forces during the Japanese Invasion of 1592, and was killed together with his son.


49) Namsan means a ‘southern hill’. Many cities have a Namsan. Therefore it is not identifiable.


50) Yi Weonik (1547-1634), whose literary name was Ori, meaning a village of sultan's parasols, was a man of straightforward character. As a great grand-grand son of Taejong, the third king of Joseon, he took the highest offices, rising to the post of the Prime Minister under King Injo. He left an ode, A Laborer's Answer to his Master, The Collected Works of Ori, etc.


51) Bak (1561-1642), whose literary name was Nogye, worked as a high ranking naval officer, and was a great writer. Collected Works of Nogye, seven narrative poems, and sixty-eight Sijos.


52) Kim Yuk (1580-1658). His literary name was Jamgok, meaning a valley in the water, after various offices he became Prime Minister in 1752.


53) Seong Un (1497-1579) passed the state examination but he didn't take office. Collected Works of Daegok. Daegok is his literary name.


54) Sin Heum (1566-1628), whose literary name was Sangchon, participated in the war as a naval officer when Japanese invaded in 1592. And after the Mongolian Invasion of 1627, he became Prime Minister. He was a great scholar and statesman. He left Collected Works of Sangchon. 


55) Yi Myeonghan (1595-1645), whose literary name was Baekju (White Sand Bar), served in such official position as Chief Secretary, Minister of Domestic Affairs, and Chief Advisor to King Injo. the sixteenth king of Joseon. He left eight sijos.


56) The lover, or the lord in the Joseon period was, in a sense, a being in dreams. It was yearned for but not real. It was in their mind but was not present in reality. The characteristic of the lover to the people of Joseon was only cherished but not really possessed. The lover here is also an ideal object of yearning.


57) Kim (1580-1656) was mayor of Seoul, Minister of Law and Punishment, magistrate of Gyunggi Province. He wrote 22 sijos.


58) Koreans like to drink with boiled fish as accompaniment.


59) Bak's literary name was Unae (Cloud-covered Precipice). The poet lived in the last period of the Joseon Dynasty. He published a collection of Sijos, titled Gagok Wonlyu (meaning the Fountainhead of Songs) in 1876. He left 15 Sijos. The following Sijo resembles this one in content.


60) A medieval woman's love is depicted in geometrical design. Her love was all patience and affection, which was typical of the amorous people in the Joseon Dynasty.


61) Human affection is individualized; it is not absolute, but relative. The writer describes his or her solitude as relative affection.


62) Myeongok was a giseng, a woman who entertained male customers in a drinking establishment.


63) ‘Song’ is a Hanja word for Sol, that is, pine. But the gisaeng who wrote the poem is not identified. The poem shows that she would not love every man. She might be devoted to someone.


64) Maehwa (Plum Blossom) was a gisaeng in Pyongyang. Nothing of her life is known. She left eight sijo poems.


65) Not identified.

65) Not identified.


제2편 Part II

제2편 Part II

66) Maeng Saseong (1360-1438), pen-named Old Buddha, survived two dynasties, Koryo and Chosen, serving Sejong the Great as one of the highest officials. This poetic sequence was composed after he retired from office, enjoying his leisurely life in the rural areas.


67) Yi Yi (1536-1584), Yulgok by literary name, was tutored by his mother Saimdang, He passed the state examination at the age of thirteen. He passed the higher state examination, and took office in the court. Resigning his office as King's Advisor in 1568, he went down to his hometown Haeju, where he devoted himself to learning. Called by King Seonjo again to office in 1581, he worked for the state. He was counterpart of Yi Hwang (1501～1576) in Zhu Zi's philosophy.


68) This is really Mt. Suyang of Haeju (Hwanghaedo) where the poet was teaching his pupils when he was 42. This sequence is a parody of Nine Songs of Mui (in Chinese, Wu Yi) by Zhu Zi.


69) Mooi (Wu Yi, in Chinese) is a mountain in Fujian Province in China of which Zhu Zi (1130-1200) had written a sequence composed of nine poems.


70) Chu Hsi is also called Chu Tzu, or Chu Fu Tzu (1130-1200) a Chinese philosopher whose synthesis of Neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life.


71) The silvery screen here denotes a precipice with white flowers.


72) Name of a streamlet.


73) The original expression is ‘golden wheels and duck's feet’, that is, the geomungo, a six-stringed traditional instrument.


74) A mountain.


75) Yun Seondo (1587-1671) was a civilian servant of the Mid-Joseon period. His literary name was Gosan. As a student of the Royal Academy he opposed the tyranny of Yi Icheom, a powerful nobleman, and was exiled to Hamgeongdo. With the Coup d'Etat of King Injo (1623) he was released from the exile and was appointed as Prosecutor in Chief. He resigned the post and returned home to the country. Later he became tutor to the prince (1628), but was again charged for not paying a visit to the king on Namhan Mountain where he was making an escape from the enemies during the Barbarian Invasion of 1636 and exiled to Yeongdeok, Kyeongsangdo. He returned to royal service in 1668. As one of the heads of the South Party, however, he was beaten in the party strife against the West Party. He was exiled a third time to Samsu, one of the remotest northern villages. He spent most of his life in remote lands, and was deeply learned in history, medicine, theories of divination, and geography. He was especially talented in Sijo writing. He added many new words to the Korean language. With Jeong Cheol, he is one of the two greatest poets of the Mid-Joseon period. He left Posthumous Works of Gosan.


76) The original expression can be translated ‘the fountain below the deepest earth’. It almost coincides with Styx, in that it is often alluded to death.


77) This is an allusion to an event in an ancient Chinese legend. When asked to work for the emperor, Chao Fu and Xu You washed his ears in the water, and that led his cow to the head of the spring to let it drink. 


78) See the note 45(Part I Sijo) of Sijo.


79) This is the book in which Confucius' thoughts about filial duties are recorded.


80) The book in which Zhu Zi's ideas about the etiquettes in the actions and speech between men and women are described.


81) Such terms as ‘uncle’ and ‘nephew’ are very often addressed to unknown older and younger men than the speaker.


82) Dosan is a district of Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, where Yi' built a private school and taught his pupils.


83) Yi Hwang (1501-1570), whose literary name was Toegye, served two kings, Kings Jungjong and Injo as one of the high ranking officials. Resigning his office in 1545 as a result of party strife, he went down to his home and established a primary institute and taught pupils. He left a book, Complete Works of Toegye.


84) The Beautiful One refers to the king.


85) Meaning ‘he plateau under the cloud.’


86) Wallak means ‘enjoying the pleasures’; Je means a ‘house.’

86) Wallak means ‘enjoying the pleasures’; Je means a ‘house.’


제3편 Part Ⅲ

제3편 Part Ⅲ

87) 좁은 곳에서 아웅다웅하는 것을 장자(壯子)는 와각지쟁 (蝸角之爭), 즉 달팽이의 뿔 위에서 싸운다라고 했다.


88) This temple was at Gaepung, Gyeonggido. A diplomat called Yi Jayeon was fascinated by the beautiful surroundings of Gamro Temple in China. When he returned home to Koryo, he built another Gamro Temple at Gaepung, Gyeonggido. But it no longer exists.


89) Kim Busik (1075-1151) was a scholar, civil servant, and historian who wrote A History of the Three Kingdoms called Samgooksagi. He is said to have written a score of books, all of which unfortunately do not exist.


90) Choe Chung (?984-1068), passing the state examination for civilian affairs, served five kings from Mokjong (997-1009) to Munjong (1046-1083), of the Koryo Dynasty, as a civil servant. He was especially interested in education, and taught many young scholars of the day at his private school. His honorary title given after his death was Lord Munheon. He was later called the Confucius of the Eastern Country. Posthumous Manuscripts of Lord Choe Munheon.


91) The geomungo is a traditional six-stringed musical instrument of Korea.


92) Yi Jahyeon (1061-1125) was a scholar in the Koryo Dynasty. Passing the state examination for civilian affairs, he worked for the royal court for years. He resigned all his office and went home to Cheongpyeong Mountain, near Chuncheon. Visiting Nanzing in 1117, he was awarded clothing by the empress and princess of Emperor Uijong. He devoted himself to Shan all his life, and left The Secrets of Shan, Songs etc.


93) A kind of musical instrument.


94) Jeong Jisang (?-1135) was a famous man of letters and civil servant in the reign of King Injong of the Koryo Dynasty. He was a great occultist, and advised the king to move the king's seat from Gaeseong to Pyeongyang. Being suspected of being involved in The Rebellion of Myocheong (1135), he was killed. A master calligrapher, he was well versed in the science of divination, the Buddhist Scriptures, and the philosophy of Lao-tze and Chung-tze. He left Living on the Mountain, and Collected Advice of Jeong.


95) Nampo, a harbor in the south.


96) The river runs through the City of Pyeongyang.


97) Hyeon was a provincial unit. Geumyanghyeon was in the north of Gangweondo, now Tongcheon.


98) Go Jogi (?-1157), pennamed Kyerim, served the kings Injong and Euijong of the Koryo Dynasty as an upright civil official. This poem is said to be his only work that exists.


99) Gangdong means the East of the River. The river implies the Daedong in Pyeongando. He was once an army officer of the North Western Region.


100) Now a city in the west of Kyeongsangnamdo Province.


101) Jinyang is the province where Jinju City of today belonged.


102) Jindo is a small island in the southern sea of the Korean Peninsula, and Byeokpa means ‘blue waves,' and a Jeong usually means’ a tower or a pavilion overlooking the sea, river, or a beautiful sight.’


103) Peng Ze Ling. Peng Ze is a place name where Tao Yuan Ming (365-427), one of the greatest poets of ancient China, took office. Ling is the head officer of a district.


104) Wu Ling is an imaginary place of great beauty, equivalent to Tempe of Ancient Greece. Tao Yuan  Ming invented the place in his Peach Blossoms.


105) A legendary sacred mountain on which panacea grows. ‘Shan’ means ‘mountain’.


106) Two rivers, Xiao Xiang are in Hu Nan Province, China. The nightly rain falling here at the spot where the rivers come together is said to be one of the eight noted sights from the hills.


107) Yi Inro (1152-1220), whose literary name was Ssangmyeongje, was a scholar in the Koryo Dynasty. Passing the state examination, served King Myeongjong as Advisor-in-Chief. He liked to write poems together with his friends, the so-called Seven Sages of the Riverside. Besides being a poet, he was an eminent calligrapher. He left Collected Works of Ssangmyeongje, To Pass Away the Time of Leisure, and others.


108) Yi Kyubo (1168-1241), whose literary name was Baegungeosa (Hermit on the White Cloud), held various office under two kings, Sinjong and Gojong. As one of the best writers of the Koryo Dynasty, his poetic style was vigorous and full of energy. He wrote some books of stories, such as A Story by Baegun, and left many poems.


109) 당나라의 왕파가 과거에 오르기 전에 양주의 절에 묵으면서 중에게 밥을 얻어먹었다. 그 후 그가 절도사가 되어 그 절에 놀러 가서 그곳 목란원(木蘭院)에서 시를 지었다. “20년전에 이 원에서 놀 적에 목란꽃이 피고 원이 처음 이룩되었는데, 오늘날 그때 그곳에 다시 오니 나무는 늙어 꽃이 없고 중은 머리가 희어졌구나.” (二十年前此院遊 木蘭花發院新修 如今再到經行處 樹老無花僧白頭)


110) Bubyeok Pavilion was a garret of Yeongmyeong Temple built about one thousand years ago. It is one of the eight celebrated sights of Pyeongyang.


111) Yi Hon (1252-1312) served King Chungryeol of the Koryo Dynasty as Minister of Arts. He was an eminent composer of shorter poems


112) Yeongmyeongsa is a temple in Pyeongyang of North Korea. It was built in 392 and was burnt down during the Chino-Japanese War in 1894. Its main shrine was rebuilt in 1922. The tower referred in the poem was built during the early Koryo Dynasty. On the walls of it are inscribed stone Buddhas. It is one of the national treasures of North Korea.


113) A plateau located in the west of Masan, a city on the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. This was a place Choe Chiweon, one of the most noted poets of Silla, loved to visit.


114) Chae Hongcheol (1262-1340), whose literary name was Jung-am, passing the state examination in the reign of King Chungryeol, Koryo, held the office of provincial governor of Jangheung. For a time after he resigned the post, he was well read in Buddhism and music. He left a number of hansis and Collected Works of Jung-am.


115) Choe Hu, that is, Choe Seungro (927-989) was a civil servant of the Koryo Dyasty. At the age of twelve, he impressed the king by reciting Confucius' Didactics in his presence. He contributed, by royal orders, to reforming the kingdom in many fields, such as society, diplomacy, the army systems, religion, and taxes. It is said that he climbed the plateau one day and wrote poems.


116) A poet of Tang called Choe Ho wrote a poem on the wall of the Pavilion of Yellow Crane, “It‘s many a day since the yellow crane disappeared with a man on its back, leaving the pavilion here.”


117) Sigyeong-am was the name of a celebrated monk in Koryo, who left an allegorical song, The History of Jeong the Servant. It describes one of the Buddhist ideas that every individual can be made a Buddha.


118) Yi Am (1297-1364), whose literary name was Haengchon, meaning a ‘village of ginkgo trees,’ was a government official and a diplomat, and later one of the three prime ministers. He served Kings Chungsuk, Chunghye, and Gongmin. He was also famed as a calligrapher.


119) Sin Suk was a eunuch officer in the reign of Uijong (1146-1170), Koryo, who accused another eunuch officer for abusing his official power, but he himself was deprived of his place and went back home.


120) Baek Weonhang, whose dates of birth and death are unknown, won the first place in the civil service examination in 1279 in the reign of King Chungryul. He took such offices as Royal Secretary and others, and took part in exiling the wicked Chae Hongcheol and his party.


121) Kim Gu (1211-1278), whose literary name was Jipo, wrote chronicles of the kings Sinjong, Hwijong, and Gangjong. Collected Works of Jipo.


122) Yi Jangyong (1201-1272) participated in compiling the chronicles of Sinjong, Hwijong, and Gangjong. He was deeply interested in Buddhism, and left two religious writings.


123) I. e., a folding screen with pictures and brush writings.


124) Jo Ingyu (1227-1308) learned the language of Yuan as soon as he began to work in the royal court, and frequented Yuan as a diplomat. Later he tutored the prince.


125) Yi Jonyeon (1269-1343), who had two literary names, Maeundang, meaning a house of plums and clouds, and Baekhwaheon, meaning a garden of a hundred flowers, rose to be the Great Doctor of the Royal Academy; He is said to have been a great writer, but only one sijo exists.


126) Yi Seong (1251-1325) passed the state examination when he was very young. He didn't remain in his posts very long but resigned them every time he was appointed. Learning was his greatest interest.


127) Kim Weonbal, whose literary name was Gukpa, went to Yuan, that is, Mongolia, and served there as a high military officer and head of scholars.


128) Yi Gamji (in the age of Gojong) was one of the so-called Seven Riverside Sages; Yi Inro, O Saejae, Im Chun, Jo Tong, Hwang Bohang, and Ham Sun, and himself. They were called thus because they often got together to enjoy drinks and poems.


129) Choe Ja (1188-1260), besides holding high posts both in the court and in the provinces, was a celebrated writer of poems, and, together with Yi Inro, he was an important critic of literature.


130) Cheongsim has the connotation of the mind empty of care, or a clean conscience.


131) Yeoheung is the ancient name of Yeoju, Kyeonggi Province.


132) Seol Munu's literary name was Jukjeong. He was a high-ranking official in the Royal Academy.


133) Wang Baek’s real surname was not Wang, but Kim. He was involved in the Revolt of Jojeok, and the next year after it was settled he was dismissed from his post of King Chungryeol's secretary.


134) Choe Weonu was a civil servant in the reign of King Gongmin of the Koryo Dynasty.


135) Hansik usually falls on the fifth of April. It is a day when Koreans visit the tombs of their deceased ancestors, and make offerings.


136) See the note 20.


137) Yi (1287-1367), one of the greatest scholars, writers and a diplomats of Koryo, whose literary name was Igjae, went over to Yuan, when the next king Chungseon was on the throne, and studied classics. He left the Collected Works of Igjae, Miscellanies of Igjae, On Filial Duties, and others.


138) An ancient kingdom in China, flourished until the 3rd century B.C. This allusion may be translated ‘the far-off China.'


139) According to a legend, the queens' names were Ehwang and Nuying, daughters to Tangyao. The two were married to King Yushun, who died while on an inspection trip in the south. The sister queens, missing their husband, shed their tears in the Xiaoxiang River, and were drowned there. After that, the bamboo by the river turned scarlet as the color of their teardrops.


140) Yi Dalchung (?-1385), whose literary name was Jejeong, was a Confucius scholar in the Koryo Dynasty. For advising the royal priest Sindon to refrain from drink, he was dismissed from his office. After the priest was killed, he was restored as Lord Gyerim. Collections of Jejeong.


141) Little is known of his life except that he was a high ranking official in the royal library and academy in Koryo.


142) The Yeongnam Pavilion is located at Milyang, a small town in the south of Korea. It is very beautiful, looking down the Nagdong River.


143) One of the Three Valleys of China. This is located in the north of Wuxia, Sichuan Province. The river flowing before the precipitous valley is very dangerous for sailors. 


144) The Song of Yangguan is a poem of farewell by Wang Wei (699?-761?), A Poem Sending Off Two Diplomats of Yuan which reads: The morning rain wets the dust in the castle, But fresh and green are the willows in the Guest House. Drink up another glass of wine, my lords. You'll not be strangers to people of Yangguan.


145) Kim Jean (?-1368), who was a civil servant to King Gongmin of the Koryo Dynasty. He plotted with the Royal Secretary Kim Jeong to kill the wicked Buddhist Monk, Sindon, But, to the contrary, he was killed by the murderers sent by the monk.


146) Yi Saek (1328-1396) whose literary name was Mogeun was taught by Yi Jehyeon. When he was young, he went over to Yuan, where he worked as one of the members of the Committee of History and in the National Academy, and studied Oriental Metaphysics. He took high-ranking offices back in Koryo, and achieved a great many policies, such as in farming, education, national defence, and Buddhism. He opposed the Rebellion of Yi Seonggye, and was exiled. After Joseon was founded, Yi Seonggye, who respected the learned, summoned him to state affairs, but the scholar declined. Poems of Mogeun, Collected Works of Mogeun.


147) This pavilion was built on a hillside of Pieongyang at the beginning of the Koryo Dynasty. Unfortunately it was burnt down during the Korean War of 1950. The North Korean government rebuilt it in 1956 and 1959.


148) That is, Vega, the brightest star in the northern constellation Lyra, and fourth brightest in the night sky. According to a legend, the Weaver Girl, one of the daughters of the King of Heaven, married a Cow Boy, the star Altaea. But they loafed away after the marriage. The King was so angry that he placed the girl in the east of the milky way, and the other in the west. The ravens and the magpies pitied them, and built a bridge across the milky way on every seventh of July (lunar calendar) for them to get together. This bridge is called the Bridge of Ravens and Magpies. These two stars, in fact, appear near the Zenith of the Zodiac, so that they are supposed by the ancient people to meet once a year in the summer.


149) Jeong Mongju (1337-1392) was a civil servant at the end of the Koryo Dynasty. His literary name, Poeun. Besides civil affairs in the state, he achieved brilliant tasks as diplomat in Yuan and Japan. He became Doctor of Seong-Gyun-Guan Academy in about 1364. He opposed to Yi Seonggye's Rebellion and was killed. Collected Works of Po-Un.


150) Gil Jae (1353-1419), whose name was Yaeun, was a scholar of Oriental Metaphysics. He was taught by such great scholars as Yi Saek, Jeong Mongju, and Gweon Geun, He became Doctor of the Academy in 1388. In 1400, he was appointed Doctor of Great Scholarship by Yi Bangweon, the third king of Joseon, but he declined, saying that he would not serve two masters. Collected Writings of Yaeun, Collected Writings of Yaeun Continued, Methods of Speech and Action Recommended by Yaeun.


151) A small village then in the middle of the Korean Peninsula.


152) Weon Cheonseok was a hermit who went to a deep mountain with his parents, sometimes meeting such upright person as Yi Saek, when he saw the society and royal court of Koryo getting into unrelievable disorder. It is said that he wrote six history books but he burned them up. Taejong, the third king of Joseon, was eager to summon him to the state affairs, but he refused his proposals. He left one sijo describing his feeling of the fall of his nation.


153) Jo Un Heul (1332-1404), whose literary name was Seokgan, resigning his office, lived a hermit life On a mountain. He always rode a cow, and composed poems such as Riding a Cow, and Songs by Seokgan. He again held offices in 1388, and died in Gwangju. Collected Works of of Seokgan, Model Poems of the Three Han Dynasties.


154) Now a city, near Seoraksan, in Kangweondo. Then it was a rather big castle city.


155) Song In (1516-1584) whose literary name was Yiam, married King Jeongjong's third step-daughter. He made friends with such great scholars as Yi Hwang, Yi Yi, and Seong Hon. He wrote lots of calligraphies and poems. Collected work of Yiam.


156) Gyeongpodae is a pavilion on the Lake of Gyeongpo by the seaside of Kangreung.


157) Yeom Heung Bang (?-1388) stood first in the state examination for civil servants in the reign of King Gongmin. His literary name was Dongjeong. He achieved great deeds both as a military leader and a scholar. Later, however, he had swayed merciless political power over the common people. He was executed by the king. He left Collections of Dongjeong.


158) According to an old Chinese legend, Tang Yao asked a hermit called Xu You about national policies. Xu, on hearing his words, washed his ears because he thought filthy words had disgraced them.


159) Na Ong (1320-1376) was royal tutor of King Gongmin. He was one of the three noted Buddhist monks of the day. He saw his friend's death at the age of twenty, and took orders as a Buddhist priest. In 1348 he went to Yuan and was taught by a noted Indian priest. He became the greatest preacher.


160) He cites Zhuang Zi, who said, “I struggled and struggled all my life, only to fail."


161) Jeong Dojeon (137-1398), whose pen name was Sambong, meaning Three Peaks, passed the state examination in the reign of King Gongmin, Koryo, and later became a doctor of the Royal Academy. He played the dominant part in founding the Joseon Dynasty, assisting Yi Seonggae, who became the first king of the kingdom. Being a master of Confucianism, he compiled thirty seven volumes of Koryo history with other scholars. He worked in many fields: army strategy, diplomacy, administration, history, and Oriental metaphysics, and left many books and poems, including Song of Mr. Nab, and Hymn to the New Capital City, Collected Works of Sambong, etc.


162) Seong Nam is the South of the Castle. The ‘Castle’ has a connotation of the Capital City, Seoul.


163) Kweon Keun (1352-1409) was a scholar and civilian minister of the two dynasties, Koryo and Joseon. He was devoted to Oriental Metaphysics and literature. His literary name was Yangchon. He was a great scholar of Chinese classics, and a noted writer. Besides Four Books and Five Canons Annotated, and other historical writings, he left Collected Works of Yangchon, and Sangdae Byeolgok. (Sangdae was another name for the Board of Inspection in the late Koryo and early Korean Eras. And the Byeolgog was a song for the plain official life and the pride of his family stock.)


164) Cheongmyeong, meaning ‘Clear Day,' falls on the 4th of April, and is one of the 24 days that mark the change of seasonal weather.


165) 두보杜甫의 춘망春望이라는 시에 國破山河在 城春草木深 感時花淚 恨別鳥驚心 烽火連三月 家書抵萬金 白頭搔更短 渾欲不勝簪 (나라는 망하여도 산하는 남아 있어 성안에 봄이 오니 초목만 무성하구나. 시국을 생각하니 꽃도 눈물을 뿌리게 하고 이별을 한탄하니 새도 마음을 놀라게 한다. 봉홧불이 석 달이나 계속되니 집에서 오는 편지는 만금에 해당한다. 흰 머리를 긁으니 다시 짧아져서 온통 비녀를 이겨내지 못할 것 같구나) 라는 시에서 딴 구절.


166) Yu Chang (?-1421), a civilian servant in both Koryo and Joseon, whose literary name was Seonam, instructed Yi Seonggae, the founder of the Joseon Dynasty, in Confucianism. He left The Collected Works of Seonam.


167) Goseong is a small fishing village in the south of the Korean Peninsula. He was exiled there by the instigation of the monk Sindon towards the end of Koryo dynasty.


168) Seong (1338-1423) served King Gongmin of Koryo, and later helped Yi Seonggye found a new nation. His last title was Prime Minister in the reign of king Taejong. He was a celebrated writer of poems and calligrapher.


169) Cited from Du Fu's Waiting for the Spring,

169) Cited from Du Fu's Waiting for the Spring,

      I see signal fires for three successive months.

      I see signal fires for three successive months.

      A letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold.


170) Yi (1362-1431) came to office in the reign of King Gongmin of Koryo. Later he helped found Joseon in 1392. He objected to King Taejong appointing Prince Chungnyeon as the Prince Apparent, for Chungnyeong was not the eldest prince, but the fourth. Accordingly he was exiled. He left The Collected Poems of Hyeongjai (his literary name).


171)  Fu Chun and Pan Xi are allusions. The former is a mountain in China, where, according to a legend one hermit, Yan Zi Ling, refusing the offer of a high post from his Emperor, enjoyed the hermit life and died there. The latter is a small brook, where one Jiang Tai Gong waited, fishing with a straight hook, for a good time to come.


172) Yi (1345-1405), whose literary name was Ssangmaedang, was a civil servant of Koryo and Joseon. He was talented as poet and calligrapher.  He helped compile A Brief History of the Three Kingdoms. An allegorical story, The Life of Mr. Paper, and Collected Works of Ssangmaedang.


173) Jeong Geo, pennamed Unhakje (meaning a House in the Clouded Valley), was mayor of the capital city and a cabinet minister. He was a man of integrity, and an eminent hand at calligraphy.


174)  Kweon U (1363-1419). His literary name was Maeheon, that is, House of Plum Trees. He held office in the reign of King Gongmin of Koryo, and lectured in history to the prince Chungnyeong, later Saejong the Great. Collected Works of Maeheon.


175) Jeong participated in writing the Chronicles of King Taejo (1413). Collected Works of Kyoeun (his literary name), A Diary at a Powder Mill.


176) Yangnyeong (1394-1462) was the first Prince of King Taejong and grandfather to the deceased. At first he was the Heir Apparent to the King. But later he was deposed from his post, and his fourth brother was appointed Heir, who became Sejong. The Great. After that, he wandered all over the country, making friends with poets.


177) The dragon is the symbol of king.


178) Yeongweol is a small village in Gangweon Province, to the east of Seoul. Danjong, the sixth king (1452-1455) of Joseon, was killed here at the age of sixteen(1457). Yielding his throne to his uncle Prince Suyang in 1455, he had been in exile here degraded as Prince Nosan.


179) Sin (1407-1459), whose literary name was Yeonbingdang, was favored by Sejong, the Great, and worked in the House of Sages, compiling The Chronicles of King Sejong, etc. Literary Works of Yeonbingdang.


180) Jeong (?-1476), pennamed Oroje, passed the state examination in military part in the reign of Sejong the Great. He achieved meritorious deeds when Yi Jingok revolted in 1453 and Yi Siae in 1467. Oro means ‘aged reading.' Je is a house.


181) Jang Su was one of the two inspectors in the Board of Inspection during the reign of Sejong the Great.


182) The first king of Silla, who reigned from 57 B.C. to 4 A.D.


183) Kim Jongseo (1390-1453) was the most powerful nobleman in the court of King Sejong. But in spite of his valor as a soldier and wisdom as a civilian, he and his son were killed by Prince Suyang, who was uncle to the present king Danjong, and who aimed at the throne. He left two sijos and Invincible Military Strategies.


184) King Danjong (1441-1457) was the most tragical king of Joseon. He succeeded to the throne in 1452 at the age of thirteen. In 1455 his uncle Suyang dethroned and exiled him to Yeongweol in Gangweondo, near Gangneung, where he was killed.


185) Seong (1418-1456) was one of the six subjects executed for opposing the dethronement of King Danjong by his uncle, Prince Suyang, later King Sejo, and were put to death. Seong's literary name was Maejukheon, meaning House of Plums and Bamboos. He was an upright scholar in the reign of Sejong the Great, was one of the leading members of the Congregation of the Sages, and worked on the creation of the Korean alphabet, Hangeul.


186) Hamgildo was the northern frontier province of Joseon along the Yalu.


187) Yu (?-1456) was a civil and militant courtier, and one of the six subjects executed by King Sejo, for they tried to restore King Danjong's throne usurped by Sejo, the king's uncle.


188) Nam (1454-1492), whose literary name was Chugang, the Autumn River was one of the Six Unexecuted Subjects. He advised King Sejo to restore the tomb of Queen Hyeondeok, mother of the late King Danjong. Failing in his attempt, he wandered all over the country, and finished his life. Stories of the Six Subjects, Collected Works of Chugang, On Demons, and others.


189) Jo's dates of birth and death are not known. He was offered a high post in the royal cabinet by King Sejo after the usurpation, but resigned. He made an epitaph of his own to show he was not a subject of the king, "Here lies the one who served the king as scholar while Prince Nosan reigned." Nosan is king Danjong's title after he was deposed. Now nothing of his writings exists: he burned up all of his works at his death.


190) According to legend, when an ancient Chinese emperor of Shu died, his soul was transformed into this bird. The bird in this legend reminds us of the nightingale in Greek mythology. Shu was the farthest western part of China, now Sichuan Province.


191) Kim (1410-1481) started the official career in the reign of Sejong the Great, and was loved by King Sejo, and served King Seongjong as a high official. His literary name was Sigu. He was an eminent scholar of the day. Translations: the Buddhist Scriptures, and Instructions of a Ming Emperor. Collected Works of Sigu.


192) 죽지가는 향토의 자연, 풍습, 인정을 읊은 노래


193) Yi (1427-1465) compiled with Sung Sam-Moon and other scholars such books as the Chronicle of the Nation, A Governor's Handbook, A Medical Encyclopaedia, etc. He was Minister of Laws and Punishment.


194) Nam (1441-1468) ranked first in the state examination for military officers in the reign of Sejong the Great when he was 17, and became Minister of Military Affairs at the age of 27. One official envied his fast promotion. He was falsely accused of rebellion, and killed in 1468, in the reign of King Yejong.


195) Mt. Baekdu is the highest mountain in the north of Korea. The Duman has its fountainhead in it.


196) Seong Gan (1427-1456), pennamed Jiniljae, was Doctor of the House of Sages. He was greatly talented as poet and calligrapher, but he died young. He left a miscellany, Collected Works of Jiniljae.


197) Ryu (1388-1443), whose literary name was Taejae, was taught by such great scholars as Kweon Keun and Byeonn Gyeryang. He was involved in a rebellion case and was exiled to a remote village in the south. King Sejong favored him for his learning in state affairs and economics. Collected Works of Taejae.


198) Hong (1643-1725) was a literary critic who wrote critical essays on the values of literature and criticized the songs of Jeong Cheol in his Sunoji. Besides this he wrote or compiled many books of literature.