Table of contents Detailed Table of Contents
Note: Part of this thesis describing the Esperanto Grammar is available online here
1 INTRODUCTION 13
1.1 ABOUT ESPERANTO 13
2 ESPERANTO GRAMMAR 15
2.1 WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION 15
2.2 CASE AND NUMBER 15
2.3 ARTICLE 15
2.4 NOUN 16
2.5 ADJECTIVES 16
2.6 PRONOUNS 17
2.7 CORRELATIVES 18
2.8 NUMERALS 20
2.9 VERB 24
2.10 ADVERBS 27
2.11 PREPOSITIONS 28
2.12 CONJUNCTIONS 29
2.13 INTERJECTIONS 29
2.14 SHORT SYNTAX OVERVIEW 29
3 WORD BUILDING 33
3.1 COMPOSITES 34
3.2 AFFIXES 35
3.3 THE REST 43
4 IMPLEMENTATION 47
4.1 TWO-LEVEL MORPHOLOGY 47
4.2 GENERAL APPROACH 48
4.3 INFLECTION 49
4.4 VERB 50
4.5 ROOTS 53
4.6 CATEGORY PROHIBITING RULES 55
4.7 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 56
4.8 CORRELATIVES 56
4.9 NUMBERS 58
4.10 COUNTRIES 60
4.11 THE REST 62
5 CONCLUSION 65
RESOURCES 67
APPENDIX A AUXILIARY PROGRAMS 69
APPENDIX A.1 CONVERSION TO CORPUS 69
APPENDIX A.2 FILTERING RESULT OF ANALYSIS 70
APPENDIX A.3 CONVERSION OF THE PIV 70
APPENDIX B OUTPUT OF THE ANALYSIS 73
APPENDIX B.1 SAMPLE OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 73
APPENDIX B.2 WORDS WITH MORE THAN ONE ANALYSIS 77
APPENDIX B.3 UNANALYZED WORDS 78
APPENDIX C TWO-LEVEL RULES 81
1 INTRODUCTION 13
1.1 ABOUT ESPERANTO 13
2 ESPERANTO GRAMMAR 15
2.1 WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION 15
2.2 CASE AND NUMBER 15
2.3 ARTICLE 15
2.4 NOUN 16
2.4.1 Proper names 16
2.4.1.1 Declination of proper names 16
2.4.1.2 Capitalization 16
2.5 ADJECTIVES 16
2.5.1 Form 16
2.5.2 Comparison 17
2.6 PRONOUNS 17
2.6.1 Personal pronouns 17
2.6.2 Possessive pronouns 18
2.7 CORRELATIVES 18
2.7.1 System of correlatives 18
2.7.2 Declination of correlatives 19
2.7.3 Using parts of correlatives in word building 19
2.7.4 Using correlatives in word building 20
2.8 NUMERALS 20
2.8.1 Cardinal numerals 20
2.8.2 Non cardinal numerals 22
2.8.2.1 Ordinal numerals 22
2.8.2.2 Adverbial numerals 22
2.8.2.3 Names of numbers 23
2.8.2.4 Multiplication numerals 23
2.8.2.5 Collectives 23
2.8.2.6 Fractions 23
2.8.2.7 Distribution 23
2.8.2.8 Other topics 24
2.9 VERB 24
2.9.1 Infinitive 24
2.9.2 Vowels of tense 24
2.9.3 Indicative 24
2.9.4 Conditional 24
2.9.5 Imperative 25
2.9.6 Participles, Gerunds, Verbal nouns 25
2.9.6.1 Participles 25
2.9.6.2 Gerunds 25
2.9.6.3 Verbal nouns 25
2.9.6.4 Verbalized participles 26
2.9.7 Complex verbal forms 26
2.9.7.1 Imperfect 26
2.9.7.2 Perfect 26
2.9.7.3 Predicative 26
2.9.7.4 Infinitive complex forms 27
2.9.7.5 Conditional and Imperative active complex forms 27
2.9.7.6 Passive voice 27
2.10 ADVERBS 27
2.10.1 Form 27
2.10.2 Comparison 28
2.10.3 Inflection 28
2.11 PREPOSITIONS 28
2.11.1 Types of prepositive 29
2.12 CONJUNCTIONS 29
2.13 INTERJECTIONS 29
2.14 SHORT SYNTAX OVERVIEW 29
2.14.1 Accusative 29
2.14.2 Agreement 30
2.14.3 Word order 30
2.14.4 Question 31
2.14.5 Negation 31
3 WORD BUILDING 33
3.1 COMPOSITES 34
3.1.1 Determination 34
3.1.2 Coordination 35
3.2 AFFIXES 35
3.2.1 True suffixes 36
3.2.1.1 Aĉ 36
3.2.1.2 Eg 36
3.2.1.3 Et 36
3.2.1.4 Um 36
3.2.2 Suffixoids 37
3.2.2.1 Igi 37
3.2.2.2 Iĝi 37
3.2.2.3 Ado 37
3.2.2.4 Eco 37
3.2.2.5 Ĉj, Nj 37
3.2.2.6 Other suffixoids 38
3.2.3 Prefixes 40
3.2.3.1 Bo 40
3.2.3.2 Ge 41
3.2.3.3 Mal 41
3.2.3.4 Pra 41
3.2.3.5 Other prefixes 42
3.2.4 Unofficial affixes 42
3.2.5 Pseudoaffixes 43
3.3 THE REST 43
3.3.1 Inserted o 43
3.3.2 Hyphen 43
3.3.3 Sciences 44
3.3.4 Names of countries 44
3.3.5 Abbreviations 44
4 IMPLEMENTATION 47
4.1 TWO-LEVEL MORPHOLOGY 47
4.2 GENERAL APPROACH 48
4.2.1 Why not generation 49
4.2.2 Conventions used in the following text 49
4.3 INFLECTION 49
4.4 VERB 50
4.5 ROOTS 53
4.5.1 Inserted o 54
4.5.2 Prefix bo 54
4.5.3 Prefix pra 55
4.6 CATEGORY PROHIBITING RULES 55
4.7 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 56
4.8 CORRELATIVES 56
4.9 NUMBERS 58
4.10 COUNTRIES 60
4.11 THE REST 62
4.11.1 Sciences 62
4.11.2 Coordinative composites 62
4.11.3 Prepositions 63
4.11.4 Primitive words 63
4.11.5 Suffixes ĉj/nj 63
4.11.6 Units 63
4.11.7 Replacing ĥ after r by k 64
5 CONCLUSION 65
RESOURCES 67
APPENDIX A AUXILIARY PROGRAMS 69
APPENDIX A.1 CONVERSION TO CORPUS 69
APPENDIX A.2 FILTERING RESULT OF ANALYSIS 70
APPENDIX A.3 CONVERSION OF THE PIV 70
APPENDIX B OUTPUT OF THE ANALYSIS 73
APPENDIX B.1 SAMPLE OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 73
APPENDIX B.2 WORDS WITH MORE THAN ONE ANALYSIS 77
APPENDIX B.3 UNANALYZED WORDS 78
APPENDIX C TWO-LEVEL RULES 81